On Liberty — Page 15

Vocabulary

自由論

jiyūron — 'On Liberty'; title of Mill's famous philosophical essay.

という

to iu — Called; known as; expressing a name or title.

論文

ronbun — Essay, thesis, or academic paper on a topic.

において

ni oite — In; at; within a given context or place.

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence's subject.

個人

kojin — Individual; a single person as distinct from a group.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or indirect object.

社会

shakai — Society; the collective community of people.

対する

taisuru — To face; to be directed toward something or someone.

絶対的な

zettaiteki na — Absolute; unconditional; not subject to any limitations.

権利

kenri — Right; a legal or moral entitlement held by someone.

など

nado — Et cetera; and so on; among other things.

ない

nai — Does not exist; negative form expressing absence or nonexistence.

結論

ketsuron — Conclusion; the final judgment or decision reached.

へ

e — Directional particle meaning toward or in the direction of.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting words or clauses.

急速

kyūsoku — Rapid; swift; describing very fast change or movement.

向かい

mukai — Heading toward; moving in the direction of something.

つつ

tsutsu — While; even while; expressing simultaneous ongoing actions.

あった

atta — Was; existed; past tense of the verb ある.

時代

jidai — Era; age; a distinct period of historical time.

の

no — Possessive or attributive particle linking nouns together.

まさに

masa ni — Exactly; precisely; truly; just at that very moment.

その

sono — That; the aforementioned; demonstrative word referring to something.

幕開け

makuake — Opening; dawn; the beginning of a new era.

を

o — Object marker particle indicating the direct object of verb.

擁護

yōgo — Defense; advocacy; protection of a person or idea.

して

shite — Doing; te-form of する connecting actions or clauses.

いる

iru — To be; to exist; indicates ongoing state or action.

十八

jūhachi — Eighteen; the number 18.

世紀

seiki — Century; a period of one hundred years.

的な

teki na — Suffix meaning -like or -type; adjectival form indicator.

見解

kenkai — View; opinion; one's perspective on a particular matter.

よれば

yoreba — According to; based on a particular source or view.

が

ga — Subject marker particle emphasizing the grammatical subject.

まず

mazu — First; to begin with; before anything else.

先

saki — Before; ahead; prior to something in time or order.

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; the state of existing or being present.

し

shi — And; doing; conjunctive te-form or listing conjunction.

それぞれ

sorezore — Each; respectively; individually for each separate entity.

固有

koyū — Inherent; unique; characteristic belonging exclusively to something.

要求

yōkyū — Demand; requirement; a strong request for something needed.

責任

sekinin — Responsibility; duty; obligation one is accountable for.

持ち

mochi — Holding; having; possessing a quality or responsibility.

契約

keiyaku — Contract; agreement; a binding arrangement between parties.

または

mata wa — Or; alternatively; used to present another option.

その他

sonota — Other; the rest; additional items not specifically mentioned.

手段

shudan — Means; method; a way of achieving a particular goal.

よって

yotte — By means of; therefore; due to a particular reason.

意図的

itekiteki — Intentional; deliberate; done on purpose with clear intent.

状態

jōtai — State; condition; the current situation or mode of being.

形成

keisei — Formation; establishment; the process of forming something.

そう

sō — So; like that; in that way or manner.

恣意的

shii teki — Arbitrary; capricious; based on individual whim or desire.

生み出された

umidasa reta — Was created; produced; brought into existence by someone.

有機体

yūkitai — Organism; organic body; a living or organized entity.

利益

rieki — Benefit; profit; advantage gained from a situation.

配慮

hairyo — Consideration; thoughtfulness; careful attention given to others.

最終的

saishūteki — Final; ultimate; relating to the last stage or outcome.

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; by one's own actions or initiative.

行動

kōdō — Action; behavior; conduct or movement taken by someone.

制限

seigen — Limitation; restriction; a boundary placed on something.

した

shita — Did; past tense of the verb する (to do).

される

sareru — Is done; passive form of する; to be performed.

これ

kore — This; referring to something nearby or just mentioned.

十九

jūku — Nineteen; the number 19.

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost; mostly; nearly all of something.

相容れない

aoire nai — Incompatible; irreconcilable; unable to coexist harmoniously.

論理的

ronri teki — Logical; rational; based on clear reasoning and logic.

国家

kokka — State; nation; an organized political community or government.

先行する

senkō suru — To precede; to go before; to come prior to something.

も

mo — Also; too; even; an inclusive or additive particle.

言える

ieru — Can say; it can be said that something is so.

かもしれない

kamo shirenai — Might; perhaps; expressing uncertainty or possibility about something.

歴史的

rekishi teki — Historical; relating to history or past events.

また

mata — Also; again; furthermore; additionally in another context.

自然

shizen — Nature; natural; occurring without human intervention or design.

秩序

chitsujo — Order; discipline; an organized and structured arrangement.

言い換えれば

iikae reba — In other words; to put it differently; that is to say.

現代

gendai — Modern times; the contemporary era; present-day world.

世界

sekai — World; the earth; the entire global community.

個々

koko — Individual; each separate; referring to each distinct entity.

人格

jinkaku — Personality; character; the qualities defining an individual person.

持つ

motsu — To have; to hold; to possess something.

諸

sho — Various; several; a prefix indicating plural or multiple things.

本源的な

hongen teki na — Fundamental; primary; relating to the original source or origin.

掟

okite — Rule; law; a prescribed norm or binding regulation.

与えられた

atae rareta — Was given; provided; bestowed upon someone by another.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something that exists or is referred to.

で

de — At; by; with; versatile particle for context or means.

なく

naku — Without; not being; negative conjunctive form of ない.

成長

seichō — Growth; development; the process of growing or maturing.

発展

hatten — Development; expansion; progress toward a greater state.

なか

naka — Inside; within; in the middle or midst of something.

ゆっくり

yukkuri — Slowly; gradually; at a calm and unhurried pace.

獲得

kakutoku — Acquisition; gaining; obtaining something through effort.

ある

aru — To exist; to have; indicates existence of something inanimate.

人々

hitobito — People; persons; a group of individual human beings.

共同体

kyōdōtai — Community; collective body; a group sharing common interests.

際

sai — At the time of; on the occasion of an event.

意図的な

itekiteki na — Intentional; deliberate; carried out with conscious purpose.

行為

kōi — Act; deed; a specific action performed by someone.

自由

jiyū — Freedom; liberty; the state of being free from constraint.

失われる

ushinawa reru — Is lost; to be taken away or cease to exist.

いう

iu — To say; to be called; expressing a name or statement.

真実

shinjitsu — Truth; reality; that which is genuinely true or factual.