On the Method of Zadig: Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" — Page 1

Vocabulary

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, time, or purpose.

よって

yotte — By means of; due to; according to.

制作

seisaku — Production or creation of a work.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle.

方法

hōhō — Method, way, or approach to something.

ついて

tsuite — Regarding; concerning; about a topic.

科学

kagaku — Science; systematic study of the natural world.

と

to — Particle meaning and, with, or quotation marker.

伝統

dentō — Tradition; customs passed down through generations.

第一

daiichi — First; number one; primary or foremost.

論文

ronbun — Academic paper, thesis, or scholarly article.

著

cho — Written by; authorship credit for a publication.

機能

kinō — Function; role or capability of something.

して

shite — Te-form of suru; doing and connecting clauses.

回顧

kaiko — Retrospection; looking back at past events.

的

teki — Suffix forming adjectives meaning -like or -al.

予言

yogen — Prophecy; prediction of future events.

いかなる

ikanaru — Whatever; any kind of; no matter what.

印

shirushi — Sign, mark, or symbol indicating something.

より

yori — Than; from; more than in comparisons.

も

mo — Particle meaning also, too, or even.

確か

tashika — Certain, sure, or reliable in nature.

な

na — Adjectival copula particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

ある

aru — To exist; there is; to be present.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; study of fundamental questions about existence.

思想家

shisōka — Thinker; intellectual who develops philosophical ideas.

見解

kenkai — Opinion, view, or perspective on a matter.

を

wo — Object marker particle in Japanese sentences.

論じる

ronjiru — To discuss or argue about a topic.

際

sai — Occasion, time, or moment when something occurs.

その

sono — That; referring to something previously mentioned.

人物

jinbutsu — Person, figure, or individual of note.

また

mata — Also, again, or furthermore; adding information.

生涯

shōgai — One's lifetime; the span of a person's life.

形成

keisei — Formation; shaping or developing something over time.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of suru; connects multiple actions.

世界観

sekaikan — Worldview; one's overall perspective on life.

色彩

shikisai — Color, hue; figuratively, character or tone.

与えた

ataeta — Gave; past tense of to give or impart.

諸

sho — Various; many; prefix indicating plurality of things.

状況

jōkyō — Situation, circumstances, or current state of affairs.

述べる

noberu — To state, describe, or express in words.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or act; nominalizer for verbs.

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the sentence subject.

通常

tsūjō — Usually, normally, or under ordinary circumstances.

かつ

katsu — Moreover; furthermore; and at the same time.

称賛

shōsan — Praise, admiration, or commendation for someone.

す

su — Classical or literary form of suru, to do.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expresses obligation or expectation.

慣習

kanshū — Custom, convention, or established social practice.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or cause.

しかし

shikashi — However; but; expressing contrast or contradiction.

ながら

nagara — While doing; simultaneously; conjunction for concurrent actions.

最大

saidai — Greatest, largest, or maximum in degree.

著作

chosaku — Written work; literary or scholarly publication.

おける

okeru — In; at; within a given context or place.

最も

mottomo — Most; the superlative degree of an adjective.

重要

jūyō — Important, significant, or of great consequence.

章

shō — Chapter; a major division of a book.

一つ

hitotsu — One; a single item or unit.

引用

in'yō — Quotation; citing or referencing someone else's words.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix or filler particle in speech.

れて

rete — Passive te-form; being done to the subject.

いる

iru — To be; progressive or resultant state auxiliary.

かかわらず

kakawarazu — Despite; regardless of; notwithstanding a circumstance.

彼

kare — He; him; third-person masculine pronoun.

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost, mostly, or hardly; near totality.

知ら

shira — Stem of shiru; to know or be aware.

おらず

orazu — Negative te-form of oru; not being known.

わずか

wazuka — A little; few; only a small amount.

現状

genjō — Current situation; present state of affairs.

根拠

konkyo — Basis, grounds, or evidence for a claim.

が

ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese sentences.

あれ

are — Conditional or imperative form of aru; if there is.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning if or when.

なお

nao — Still; furthermore; even more so than before.

良かった

yokatta — Was good; it would have been better.

思わ

omowa — Stem of omou; to think or feel.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix.

王

ō — King; monarch or sovereign ruler.

時代

jidai — Era, period, or age in history.

住んで

sunde — Living; residing in a particular place.

いた

ita — Past progressive; was doing or had been.

言わ

iwa — Stem of iu; to say or be said.

いう

iu — To say; to be called; named as.

名

na — Name; title given to a person or thing.

ここ

koko — Here; this place; the current location.

数年

sūnen — Several years; a few years' time.

楔形

kusabigata — Cuneiform; wedge-shaped ancient writing system.

文字

moji — Letter, character, or written symbol.

解読

kaidoku — Decipherment; decoding of a language or script.

者

sha — Person; one who does or is associated with.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or living beings.

忍耐

nintai — Patience, perseverance, or endurance under difficulty.

勤勉

kinben — Diligence; industriousness; working hard and earnestly.

明らか

akiraka — Clear, obvious, or evident to everyone.

れた

reta — Past passive auxiliary; was done to subject.

君主

kunshu — Monarch, sovereign, or ruling lord of state.

一覧

ichiran — List, overview, or catalogue of items.

登場

tōjō — Appearance; making an entrance in a story.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not exist or occur.

伝記

denki — Biography; written account of someone's life.

作者

sakusha — Author, writer, or creator of a work.

証言

shōgen — Testimony; witness statement or evidence given verbally.

以外

igai — Other than; except for; apart from something.

存在

sonzai — Existence; the state of existing or being.

証明

shōmei — Proof; demonstration or verification of a fact.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

他

hoka — Other; another; besides the mentioned thing.

私

watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun.

厳密

genmitsu — Strict, precise, or rigorous in standards.

歴史

rekishi — History; record of past events over time.

正確

seikaku — Accurate, correct, or precise in detail.

顕著

kencho — Remarkable, conspicuous, or strikingly noticeable.

長所

chōsho — Strong point, merit, or advantage of something.

数え

kazoe — Counting; stem of kazoeru, to count.

られ

rare — Passive or potential inflectional suffix form.

まい

mai — Negative volitional; probably will not; unlikely to.

幸い

saiwai — Fortunately; happily; it is lucky that.

多く

ōku — Many; a large number or amount of.

同じ

onaji — Same; identical; of the same kind.

立場

tachiba — Standpoint, position, or one's situation or role.

生きて

ikite — Living; te-form of ikiru, to live.

とき

toki — Time; moment; when something happens.

どの

dono — Which; what kind of; interrogative determiner.

よう

yō — Like; as if; manner or appearance of something.

あった

atta — Was; existed; past tense of aru.

か

ka — Question particle; or; expresses doubt or inquiry.

いは

iwa — Old form of iu; or; alternatively stated.

実際

jissai — Actually, in reality, in practice.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action.

どう

dō — How; in what way; asking about manner.

さほど

sahodo — Not particularly; not so much; to that degree.

問題

mondai — Problem, question, or issue to be addressed.