On the Method of Zadig: Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" — Page 1

Vocabulary

Produzido

pro-du-ZI-do — Produced; created or manufactured by someone

por

por — By; preposition indicating authorship or agency

SOBRE

SO-bre — About; concerning a particular subject or topic

O

o — The; masculine definite article in Portuguese

MÉTODO

MÉ-to-do — Method; a systematic procedure or approach

DE

de — Of; preposition indicating possession or relation

ENSAIO

en-SAI-o — Essay; a short analytical or reflective written piece

Nº

NÚ-me-ro — Number; abbreviation used for numbering items

CIÊNCIA

si-ÊN-si-a — Science; systematic study of the natural world

E

e — And; conjunction linking words or clauses

TRADIÇÃO

tra-di-SÃO — Tradition; customs or beliefs passed down generations

HEBRAICA

e-bra-I-ca — Hebrew; relating to Hebrew culture or language

Por

por — By; indicating authorship or means

A

a — The; feminine definite article in Portuguese

PROFECIA

pro-fe-SI-a — Prophecy; a prediction about future events

RETROSPECTIVA

re-tros-pec-TI-va — Retrospective; looking back at past events or actions

COMO

CO-mo — As; functioning in a particular role or capacity

FUNÇÃO

fun-SÃO — Function; a role or purpose something serves

DA

da — Of the; contraction of preposition 'de' and article 'a'

que

ke — Than; used in comparisons between things

de

de — Of; French/Portuguese preposition of origin or belonging

É

é — Is; third-person singular present tense of 'ser'

uma

U-ma — A/an; feminine indefinite article in Portuguese

prática

PRÁ-ti-ca — Practice; a habitual or common activity or custom

comum

co-MUM — Common; frequently occurring or widely shared

e

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction in Portuguese

louvável

lo-U-vá-vel — Praiseworthy; deserving of admiration or commendation

a

a — The; feminine singular definite article

discussão

dis-cu-SÃO — Discussion; a conversation or examination of a topic

das

das — Of the; feminine plural contraction of 'de' and 'as'

opiniões

o-pi-ni-ÕES — Opinions; personal views or judgments about something

um

um — A/an; masculine indefinite article in Portuguese

pensador

pen-sa-DOR — Thinker; a person who thinks deeply about ideas

filosófico

fi-lo-ZÓ-fi-co — Philosophical; relating to philosophy or deep reasoning

com

com — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or inclusion

algum

al-GUM — Some; an indefinite quantity or number of something

relato

re-LA-to — Account; a narrative or report of events

sobre

SO-bre — About; concerning or on the subject of

o

o — The; masculine singular definite article

homem

O-mem — Man; an adult male human being

as

as — The; feminine plural definite article in Portuguese

circunstâncias

cir-cuns-TÂN-ci-as — Circumstances; conditions surrounding an event or person

moldaram

mol-DA-ram — Shaped; past tense of moldar, to mold or influence

sua

SU-a — His/her/your; possessive pronoun indicating ownership

vida

VI-da — Life; the existence of a living person

maneira

ma-NEI-ra — Way/manner; a particular style or method of doing

ver

ver — To see; to perceive visually or understand something

coisas

COI-sas — Things; general term for objects or matters

porém

po-RÉM — However; conjunction indicating contrast or exception

embora

em-BO-ra — Although; conjunction introducing a concessive clause

seja

SE-ja — Be; subjunctive form of 'ser', used in clauses

citado

ci-TA-do — Cited; mentioned or referenced in a text

em

em — In; preposition indicating location or inclusion

dos

dos — Of the; masculine plural contraction of 'de' and 'os'

capítulos

ca-PÍ-tu-los — Chapters; divisions of a book or written work

mais

mais — Most/more; used for superlative or comparative degree

importantes

im-por-TAN-tes — Important; of great significance or consequence

maior

ma-IOR — Greatest/largest; superlative adjective of big

obra

O-bra — Work; a literary, artistic, or intellectual creation

pouco

POU-co — Little; a small amount or degree of something

se

se — Oneself/if; reflexive pronoun or conditional conjunction

sabe

SA-be — Knows; third-person singular present tense of 'saber'

ele

E-le — He; third-person masculine singular pronoun

esse

ES-se — That; demonstrative pronoun referring to nearby thing

talvez

tal-VEZ — Perhaps; indicating uncertainty or possibility

pudesse

pu-DES-se — Could; imperfect subjunctive of 'poder', expressing possibility

ser

ser — To be; infinitive of permanent state verb

bem

bem — Well; adverb indicating good quality or degree

autenticado

au-ten-ti-CA-do — Authenticated; proven to be genuine or verified

do

do — Of the; masculine singular contraction of 'de' and 'o'

Diz-se

diz-se — It is said; impersonal construction indicating hearsay

viveu

vi-VEU — Lived; past tense of 'viver', to live

na

na — In the; feminine singular contraction of 'em' and 'a'

no

no — In the; masculine singular contraction of 'em' and 'o'

tempo

TEM-po — Time; a period or era in which events occur

rei

rei — King; a male monarch who rules a kingdom

nome

NO-me — Name; a word used to identify a person or thing

não

não — No/not; negation word in Portuguese

aparece

a-pa-RE-ce — Appears; third-person singular present of 'aparecer'

lista

LIS-ta — List; a series of items written in sequence

soberanos

so-be-RA-nos — Sovereigns; rulers with supreme authority over a state

trazidos

tra-ZI-dos — Brought; past participle of 'trazer', to bring

à

à — To the; feminine contraction of preposition 'a' and article

luz

luz — Light; also used figuratively meaning brought to attention

pela

PE-la — By the; feminine contraction of 'por' and 'a'

paciência

pa-si-ÊN-si-a — Patience; calm endurance of difficulty or delay

pelo

PE-lo — By the; masculine contraction of 'por' and 'o'

trabalho

tra-BA-lho — Work; labor or effort applied to a task

inscrições

ins-cri-ÇÕES — Inscriptions; texts carved or written on surfaces

nos

nos — In the; masculine plural contraction of 'em' and 'os'

últimos

ÚL-ti-mos — Last/recent; referring to most recent or final items

anos

A-nos — Years; plural of 'ano', a unit of time

nem

nem — Neither/nor; negative conjunction used for exclusion

tampouco

tam-POU-co — Neither/nor; used to add another negation in sentences

tenho

TE-nho — I have; first-person singular present of 'ter'

conhecimento

co-nhe-ci-MEN-to — Knowledge; awareness or understanding of information

haja

HA-ja — There be; subjunctive of 'haver', expressing existence

qualquer

qual-QUER — Any; indicating any one of a group without specification

outra

OU-tra — Other; a different or additional person or thing

autoridade

au-to-ri-DA-de — Authority; power or credibility to support a claim

para

PA-ra — For/to; preposition indicating purpose or direction

existência

e-xis-TÊN-ci-a — Existence; the state of being real or present

além

a-LÉM — Beyond/besides; indicating something additional or further

biógrafo

bi-ÓG-ra-fo — Biographer; a person who writes someone's life story

certo

CER-to — Certain/a certain; indicating a particular unspecified person

entre

EN-tre — Among; preposition indicating inclusion within a group

cujos

CU-jos — Whose; relative pronoun indicating possession

méritos

MÉ-ri-tos — Merits; qualities or virtues deserving praise or recognition

rigorosa

ri-go-RO-sa — Rigorous; very thorough, careful, and demanding

precisão

pre-ci-SÃO — Precision; exactness and accuracy in detail

histórica

his-TÓ-ri-ca — Historical; relating to history or historical accuracy

dificilmente

di-fi-cil-MEN-te — Hardly/scarcely; adverb meaning almost not at all

possa

POS-sa — Can/may; subjunctive form of 'poder'

contada

con-TA-da — Counted; past participle, considered or included among

Felizmente

fe-liz-MEN-te — Fortunately; adverb expressing a happy or lucky outcome

encontra-se

en-CON-tra-se — Finds itself; reflexive verb indicating being in a situation

mesma

MES-ma — Same; indicating identical situation or condition

posição

po-si-SÃO — Position; a place, situation, or stance someone holds

muitos

MUI-tos — Many; a large number of people or things

outros

OU-tros — Others; additional or different people or things

filósofos

fi-LÓ-so-fos — Philosophers; people who study fundamental questions of existence

Como

CO-mo — What; used in questions about appearance or character

era

E-ra — Was; past tense of 'ser', indicating former state

quando

QUAN-do — When; conjunction or adverb relating to time

estava

es-TA-va — Was; imperfect past tense of 'estar'

carne

CAR-ne — Flesh; bodily form, often used in the phrase 'in the flesh'

osso

OS-so — Bone; hard tissue forming the skeleton

ou

ou — Or; conjunction presenting an alternative option

mesmo

MES-mo — Even/same; used for emphasis or identity

existiu

e-xis-TIU — Existed; past tense of 'existir', to exist

fato

FA-to — Fact; something known to be true or real

são

são — Are; third-person plural present tense of 'ser'

questões

ques-TÕES — Questions/issues; matters under discussion or consideration

pouca

POU-ca — Little; a small amount, feminine form of 'pouco'

importância

im-por-TÂN-ci-a — Importance; the quality of being significant or valuable