Second Treatise of Government — Page 9
Which being a trespass against the whole species, and the peace and safety of it, provided for by the law of nature, every man upon this score, by the right he hath to preserve mankind in general, may restrain, or where it is necessary, destroy things noxious to them, and so may bring such evil on any one, who hath transgressed that law, as may make him repent the doing of it, and thereby deter him, and by his example others, from doing the like mischief.
Lo cual siendo una transgresión contra toda la especie, y la paz y seguridad de la misma, prevista por la ley de la naturaleza, todo hombre por este motivo, en virtud del derecho que tiene a preservar a la humanidad en general, puede restringir, o donde sea necesario, destruir las cosas nocivas para ellos, y así puede infligir tal mal a cualquiera que haya transgredido esa ley, que le haga arrepentirse de haberlo hecho, y con ello disuadirle a él, y mediante su ejemplo a otros, de cometer semejante daño.
And in the case, and upon this ground, EVERY MAN HATH A RIGHT TO PUNISH THE OFFENDER, AND BE EXECUTIONER OF THE LAW OF NATURE.
Y en este caso, y sobre este fundamento, TODO HOMBRE TIENE DERECHO A CASTIGAR AL INFRACTOR, Y SER EJECUTOR DE LA LEY DE LA NATURALEZA.
Sect. 9. I doubt not but this will seem a very strange doctrine to some men: but before they condemn it, I desire them to resolve me, by what right any prince or state can put to death, or punish an alien, for any crime he commits in their country.
Secc. 9. No dudo que esto parecerá una doctrina muy extraña a algunos hombres: pero antes de que la condenen, deseo que me resuelvan por qué derecho cualquier príncipe o estado puede ejecutar, o castigar a un extranjero, por cualquier crimen que cometa en su país.
It is certain their laws, by virtue of any sanction they receive from the promulgated will of the legislative, reach not a stranger: they speak not to him, nor, if they did, is he bound to hearken to them.
Es cierto que sus leyes, en virtud de cualquier sanción que reciban de la voluntad promulgada del poder legislativo, no alcanzan a un extraño: no le hablan a él, ni, si lo hicieran, estaría él obligado a escucharlas.
The legislative authority, by which they are in force over the subjects of that commonwealth, hath no power over him.
La autoridad legislativa, por la cual están en vigor sobre los súbditos de esa república, no tiene ningún poder sobre él.
Vocabulary
- Lo
- Neuter pronoun referring to a thing or idea
- cual
- Relative pronoun meaning 'which' or 'who'
- siendo
- Present participle of 'ser'; meaning 'being'
- una
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' (feminine)
- transgresión
- Violation or breach of a rule or law
- contra
- Preposition meaning 'against' or 'opposed to'
- toda
- Adjective meaning 'all' or 'every' (feminine)
- la
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine singular)
- especie
- Species or kind; a category of living beings
- y
- Conjunction meaning 'and'
- paz
- State of harmony and absence of conflict; peace
- seguridad
- Condition of being safe or protected; security
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'
- misma
- Adjective meaning 'same' or 'herself/itself' (feminine)
- prevista
- Foreseen or stipulated in advance (feminine past participle)
- por
- Preposition meaning 'by,' 'for,' or 'through'
- ley
- Rule established by authority; law
- naturaleza
- The physical world and its phenomena; nature
- todo
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'all' or 'every'
- hombre
- Adult male human being; man
- este
- Demonstrative adjective or pronoun meaning 'this'
- motivo
- Reason or cause behind an action; motive
- en
- Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'at'
- virtud
- Moral excellence or power derived from a quality
- del
- Contraction of 'de' and 'el' meaning 'of the'
- derecho
- Legal or moral entitlement; right or law
- que
- Conjunction or relative pronoun meaning 'that' or 'which'
- tiene
- Third-person singular present of 'tener'; has
- a
- Preposition indicating direction, purpose, or recipient
- preservar
- To keep safe from harm or destruction; to preserve
- humanidad
- All human beings collectively; humankind
- general
- Relating to all or most; general or widespread
- puede
- Third-person singular present of 'poder'; can or may
- restringir
- To limit or reduce the freedom of something; restrict
- o
- Conjunction meaning 'or'
- donde
- Relative adverb meaning 'where'
- sea
- Present subjunctive of 'ser'; meaning 'be'
- necesario
- Something required or indispensable; necessary
- destruir
- To cause severe damage or ruin; to destroy
- las
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine plural)
- cosas
- Physical objects or abstract matters; things
- nocivas
- Harmful or damaging to health or well-being (feminine plural)
- para
- Preposition meaning 'for,' 'in order to,' or 'toward'
- ellos
- Third-person plural masculine pronoun meaning 'they'
- así
- Adverb meaning 'thus,' 'so,' or 'in this way'
- infligir
- To impose something painful or harmful on someone
- tal
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'such' or 'such a'
- mal
- Something harmful or evil; harm or wrongdoing
- cualquiera
- Indefinite pronoun meaning 'anyone' or 'whichever'
- haya
- Present subjunctive of 'haber'; meaning 'has' or 'have'
- transgredido
- Past participle of 'transgredir'; having violated a rule
- esa
- Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that' (feminine singular)
- le
- Indirect object pronoun meaning 'him,' 'her,' or 'you'
- haga
- Present subjunctive of 'hacer'; meaning 'make' or 'do'
- arrepentirse
- To feel regret or remorse for a past action; repent
- haberlo
- Infinitive 'haber' combined with 'lo'; having done it
- hecho
- Past participle of 'hacer'; done or made
- con
- Preposition meaning 'with'
- ello
- Neuter pronoun referring to a previously mentioned idea
- disuadirle
- To discourage or deter someone from doing something
- él
- Third-person singular masculine pronoun meaning 'he'
- mediante
- Preposition meaning 'by means of' or 'through'
- su
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their'
- ejemplo
- Something that illustrates a point; example or model
- otros
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'others' or 'other'
- cometer
- To carry out a wrongful or illegal act; commit
- semejante
- Similar or alike; resembling something previously mentioned
- daño
- Harm, injury, or damage caused to someone or something
- caso
- A particular situation or instance; case
- sobre
- Preposition meaning 'on,' 'over,' or 'about'
- fundamento
- A basic principle or underlying basis; foundation
- TODO
- Emphatic form of 'todo'; meaning 'every' or 'all'
- HOMBRE
- Emphatic form of 'hombre'; adult male human; man
- TIENE
- Emphatic third-person singular of 'tener'; has
- DERECHO
- Emphatic form of 'derecho'; legal entitlement or right
- CASTIGAR
- To impose a penalty for wrongdoing; to punish
- AL
- Contraction of 'a' and 'el' meaning 'to the'
- INFRACTOR
- A person who breaks a rule or law; offender
- SER
- Infinitive verb meaning 'to be' (permanent states)
- EJECUTOR
- One who carries out or enforces something; executor
- LEY
- Emphatic form of 'ley'; rule or regulation; law
- NATURALEZA
- Emphatic form of 'naturaleza'; the natural world
- No
- Negation adverb meaning 'no' or 'not'
- dudo
- First-person singular of 'dudar'; I doubt
- esto
- Neuter demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this'
- parecerá
- Future tense of 'parecer'; will seem or appear
- doctrina
- A set of beliefs or principles; doctrine
- muy
- Adverb meaning 'very' or 'quite'
- extraña
- Strange, foreign, or unfamiliar (feminine adjective)
- algunos
- Indefinite adjective meaning 'some' or 'a few' (masculine)
- hombres
- Plural of 'hombre'; men or human beings
- pero
- Conjunction meaning 'but' indicating contrast
- antes
- Adverb meaning 'before' or 'previously'
- condenen
- Present subjunctive of 'condenar'; condemn or censure
- deseo
- A strong wish or longing for something; desire
- me
- Reflexive or object pronoun meaning 'me' or 'myself'
- resuelvan
- Present subjunctive of 'resolver'; resolve or answer
- qué
- Interrogative pronoun meaning 'what'
- cualquier
- Indefinite adjective meaning 'any' before a noun
- príncipe
- A male ruler or member of royalty; prince
- estado
- A politically organized territory or condition; state
- ejecutar
- To carry out or perform an action; execute
- castigar
- To impose a penalty on someone; to punish
- un
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' (masculine)
- extranjero
- A person from another country; foreigner
- crimen
- A serious illegal act; crime
- cometa
- Present subjunctive of 'cometer'; commits or may commit
- país
- A nation or territory with its own government; country
- Es
- Third-person singular of 'ser'; is
- cierto
- True, sure, or definite; certain
- sus
- Plural possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their'
- leyes
- Plural of 'ley'; rules or regulations; laws
- sanción
- Official approval or a penalty imposed for a violation
- reciban
- Present subjunctive of 'recibir'; receive or may receive
- voluntad
- The faculty of choosing or deciding; will
- promulgada
- Officially proclaimed or made known; promulgated (feminine)
- poder
- Authority or ability to do something; power
- legislativo
- Related to making laws; legislative
- no
- Adverb meaning 'no' or 'not'
- alcanzan
- Third-person plural of 'alcanzar'; reach or extend to
- extraño
- A person from outside; stranger or foreigner
- hablan
- Third-person plural of 'hablar'; they speak or address
- ni
- Negative conjunction meaning 'nor' or 'neither'
- si
- Conditional conjunction meaning 'if'
- lo
- Neuter object pronoun meaning 'it' or 'him'
- hicieran
- Imperfect subjunctive of 'hacer'; if they did or made
- estaría
- Conditional of 'estar'; would be
- obligado
- Bound by duty or necessity; obligated (masculine)
- escucharlas
- To listen to them; infinitive with feminine plural pronoun
- La
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine singular)
- autoridad
- Power or right to give orders; authority
- legislativa
- Relating to the making of laws (feminine adjective)
- están
- Third-person plural of 'estar'; they are
- vigor
- Active force or validity; in force (legal term)
- los
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine plural)
- súbditos
- People under the rule of a sovereign; subjects
- república
- A state governed by elected representatives; republic
- ningún
- Adjective meaning 'no' or 'not any' before a noun
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