Second Treatise of Government — Page 10
Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.
Quienes tienen el poder supremo de hacer leyes en Inglaterra, Francia u Holanda, son para un indio, al igual que para el resto del mundo, hombres sin autoridad: y por lo tanto, si por la ley de la naturaleza todo hombre no tiene el poder de castigar las ofensas contra ella, según juzgue sobriamente que el caso lo requiere, no veo cómo los magistrados de cualquier comunidad pueden castigar a un extranjero de otro país; ya que, en relación a él, no pueden tener más poder del que cualquier hombre naturalmente puede tener sobre otro.
Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.
Párr. 10. Además del crimen que consiste en violar la ley, y apartarse de la recta regla de la razón, por lo cual un hombre llega a ser en tal medida degenerado, y se declara a sí mismo dispuesto a abandonar los principios de la naturaleza humana, y a ser una criatura nociva, comúnmente se causa un daño a alguna persona u otra, y algún otro hombre recibe perjuicio por su transgresión: en cuyo caso quien haya recibido algún daño tiene, además del derecho de castigo que comparte con los demás hombres, un derecho particular a buscar reparación de quien lo ha causado: y cualquier otra persona, que lo considere justo, puede también unirse a quien ha sido perjudicado, y ayudarle a recuperar del ofensor tanto como pueda constituir satisfacción por el daño que ha sufrido.
Sect. 11.
Párr. 11.
Vocabulary
- Quienes
- Who; which people (relative pronoun).
- tienen
- They have; possess (third person plural).
- el
- The (masculine singular definite article).
- poder
- Power; authority; ability to do something.
- supremo
- Supreme; highest in authority or rank.
- de
- Of; from; indicates possession or origin.
- hacer
- To make; to do; to create or perform.
- leyes
- Laws; rules established by governing authority.
- en
- In; on; at; indicates location or position.
- son
- They are; third person plural of ser.
- para
- For; in order to; indicating purpose.
- un
- A; an; indefinite article (masculine singular).
- indio
- Indian; native person from India or Americas.
- al
- To the; contraction of a + el.
- igual
- Equal; same; having same value or rank.
- que
- That; which; than (relative pronoun or conjunction).
- resto
- Rest; remainder; the other part or people.
- del
- Of the; contraction of de + el.
- mundo
- World; earth; all people and places.
- hombres
- Men; male human beings (plural of hombre).
- sin
- Without; lacking; absence of something.
- autoridad
- Authority; power; legal right to govern.
- por
- By; through; for; indicates agent or cause.
- lo
- It; the (neuter article used with adjectives).
- tanto
- So much; so many; therefore; as much.
- si
- If; conditional conjunction introducing hypothetical situation.
- la
- The (feminine singular definite article).
- ley
- Law; rule established by governing authority.
- naturaleza
- Nature; natural world; essential character or quality.
- todo
- All; everything; entire; complete (masculine singular).
- hombre
- Man; male human being; humanity in general.
- no
- Not; negative adverb negating verbs or adjectives.
- tiene
- Has; possesses (third person singular of tener).
- castigar
- To punish; to impose penalty or discipline.
- las
- The (feminine plural definite article).
- ofensas
- Offenses; transgressions; acts against laws or rules.
- contra
- Against; opposed to; in opposition with.
- ella
- Her; she (feminine singular personal pronoun).
- según
- According to; as stated by; in accordance.
- juzgue
- Judge; subjunctive form of juzgar (to judge).
- caso
- Case; situation; instance; particular circumstance.
- requiere
- Requires; needs; demands (third person singular).
- veo
- I see; perceive (first person singular of ver).
- cómo
- How; in what way; interrogative or relative adverb.
- los
- The (masculine plural definite article).
- magistrados
- Magistrates; judges; officials with judicial authority.
- cualquier
- Any; whichever; indefinite adjective indicating no preference.
- comunidad
- Community; group of people living together.
- pueden
- Can; are able to (third person plural).
- extranjero
- Foreign; foreigner; person from another country.
- otro
- Other; another; different one (masculine singular).
- país
- Country; nation; political territory with government.
- ya
- Already; now; indicating action is complete.
- relación
- Relation; relationship; connection between two things.
- él
- He; him (masculine singular personal pronoun).
- tener
- To have; to possess; to hold.
- más
- More; greater; additional (comparative adverb).
- naturalmente
- Naturally; by nature; of course; obviously.
- puede
- Can; is able to (third person singular).
- sobre
- On; over; about; concerning (preposition).
- Además
- Besides; moreover; in addition; furthermore.
- crimen
- Crime; serious offense against law; transgression.
- consiste
- Consists; is composed of (third person singular).
- violar
- To violate; to break; to transgress rule.
- apartarse
- To deviate; to depart; to move away.
- recta
- Straight; correct; proper (feminine singular adjective).
- regla
- Rule; norm; principle that guides behavior.
- razón
- Reason; rationality; cause or explanation.
- cual
- Which; what; that which (relative pronoun).
- llega
- Arrives; reaches; gets to (third person singular).
- ser
- To be; to exist; fundamental verb in Spanish.
- tal
- Such; this kind of; similar (adjective).
- medida
- Measure; extent; degree; means of evaluation.
- degenerado
- Degenerate; debased; morally or physically corrupted.
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