Second Treatise of Government — Page 3

Vocabulary

À

a — Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'

cette

set — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' (feminine)

fin

fan — End, purpose, or goal

je

zhuh — First person singular pronoun meaning 'I'

pense

pɑ̃s — Think; first person singular of 'penser'

qu'

k — Conjunction 'that'; contracted form of 'que'

il

eel — Third person singular pronoun meaning 'he' or 'it'

ne

nuh — Negative particle used with 'pas' to negate verbs

serait

suh-reh — Conditional form of 'être'; would be

pas

pah — Negative particle; not, used with 'ne'

déplacé

day-pla-say — Out of place, inappropriate, or displaced

d'

d — Preposition 'de' contracted before a vowel

exposer

ex-po-zay — To expose, explain, or set forth an idea

ce

suh — Demonstrative pronoun or adjective meaning 'this'

que

kuh — Conjunction or relative pronoun meaning 'that' or 'which'

j'

zh — Contracted first person singular pronoun 'je'

entends

ɑ̃-tɑ̃ — Understand or mean; first person of 'entendre'

par

par — Preposition meaning 'by' or 'through'

pouvoir

poo-vwar — Power, authority; also infinitive 'to be able'

politique

po-lee-teek — Political; relating to governance or statecraft

afin

a-fan — So that, in order that; expresses purpose

le

luh — Definite article 'the' (masculine singular)

un

an — Indefinite article or number meaning 'a' or 'one'

MAGISTRAT

ma-zhees-trah — Magistrate; a civil or judicial official with authority

sur

syur — Preposition meaning 'on' or 'about'

sujet

sy-zheh — Subject; a topic or person under authority

puisse

pwees — Subjunctive form of 'pouvoir'; may be able to

être

etr — To be; fundamental linking and auxiliary verb

distingué

dees-tan-gay — Distinguished, differentiated, set apart from others

de

duh — Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'about'

celui

suh-lwee — Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the one' (masculine)

PÈRE

pehr — Father; male parent within a family

ses

say — Possessive adjective meaning 'his', 'her', or 'its'

enfants

ɑ̃-fɑ̃ — Children; young people or offspring

MAÎTRE

metr — Master; one who has authority over others

son

sɔ̃ — Possessive adjective meaning 'his', 'her', or 'its'

serviteur

sehr-vee-tuhr — Servant; one who serves another person

MARI

ma-ree — Husband; a man in a marital relationship

sa

sa — Possessive adjective meaning 'his' or 'her' (feminine noun)

femme

fam — Woman or wife; adult female person

et

ay — Coordinating conjunction meaning 'and'

SEIGNEUR

seh-nyuhr — Lord; feudal or noble authority over others

esclave

es-klav — Slave; a person owned by another

Tous

too — All; every one of a group

ces

say — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'these' or 'those'

pouvoirs

poo-vwar — Powers; authorities or capabilities (plural)

distincts

dees-tan — Distinct, separate, clearly different from each other

se

suh — Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself', 'himself', 'herself'

trouvant

troo-vɑ̃ — Finding; present participle of 'trouver'

parfois

par-fwa — Sometimes; on certain occasions but not always

réunis

ray-y-nee — United, gathered together, combined in one place

en

ɑ̃ — Preposition meaning 'in' or 'within'

même

mem — Same; identical or even, used for emphasis

homme

om — Man; adult male human being

si

see — Conjunction meaning 'if'; introduces a condition

on

ɔ̃ — Indefinite pronoun meaning 'one', 'we', or 'people'

considère

kɔ̃-see-dehr — Considers; examines or regards something carefully

sous

soo — Preposition meaning 'under' or 'beneath'

différentes

dee-fay-rɑ̃t — Different; not alike, varied (feminine plural)

relations

ruh-la-syɔ̃ — Relations; connections or relationships between entities

cela

suh-la — Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'that' or 'this'

peut

puh — Can; third person singular of 'pouvoir'

nous

noo — First person plural pronoun meaning 'we' or 'us'

aider

ay-day — To help or assist someone with something

à

a — Preposition meaning 'to', 'at', or 'in'

distinguer

dees-tan-gay — To distinguish, differentiate between things or people

les

lay — Definite article 'the' (plural form)

uns

an — 'Ones'; used in expression 'les uns des autres'

des

day — Partitive or plural indefinite article meaning 'some'

autres

otr — Others; different or additional people or things

comme

kom — As, like; used for comparison or example

ceux

suh — Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'those' (masculine plural)

fortune

for-tyun — Fortune, wealth; also fate or luck

père

pehr — Father; male parent of a family

famille

fa-meey — Family; a group of related individuals

capitaine

ka-pee-ten — Captain; commander of a ship or military unit

galère

ga-lehr — Galley; an oar-powered ship, historically used at sea

Le

luh — Definite article 'the' (masculine singular)

POUVOIR

poo-vwar — Power; authority or capacity to act

POLITIQUE

po-lee-teek — Political; pertaining to governance and public authority

selon

suh-lɔ̃ — According to; in the view or opinion of

moi

mwa — Me; stressed first person singular pronoun

est

eh — Is; third person singular of verb 'être'

DROIT

drwa — Right or law; a legal entitlement or privilege

faire

fehr — To make or do; fundamental action verb

lois

lwa — Laws; rules enacted by governmental authority (plural)

assorties

a-sor-tee — Accompanied by, matched with; associated penalties

peines

pen — Penalties or punishments; also effort or sorrow

mort

mor — Death; the end of life

conséquent

kɔ̃-say-kɑ̃ — Consequently; following as a logical result

toutes

toot — All; every one (feminine plural form)

moindres

mwandr — Lesser, smaller; fewer in degree or severity

pour

poor — For; in order to, on behalf of

régler

ray-glay — To regulate, settle, or put in order

préserver

pray-sehr-vay — To preserve, protect, or maintain something intact

la

la — Definite article 'the' (feminine singular)

propriété

pro-pree-ay-tay — Property; something owned by an individual

employer

ɑ̃-plwa-yay — To employ, use, or make use of something

force

fors — Force; physical strength or coercive power

communauté

ko-my-no-tay — Community; a group sharing common interests or governance

dans

dɑ̃ — Preposition meaning 'in' or 'within'

l'

l — Contracted definite article 'le' or 'la' before vowels

exécution

eg-zay-ky-syɔ̃ — Execution; carrying out or enforcing of laws

défense

day-fɑ̃s — Defense; protection against attack or threat

république

ray-py-bleek — Republic; a state governed by elected representatives

contre

kɔ̃tr — Against; in opposition or protection from something

agressions

a-greh-syɔ̃ — Aggressions; hostile attacks from outside forces

étrangères

ay-trɑ̃-zhehr — Foreign; coming from outside the state (feminine plural)

tout

too — All, everything; used as pronoun or adjective

uniquement

y-neek-mɑ̃ — Only, solely; exclusively for one purpose

bien

byɛ̃ — Good; welfare or benefit of someone

public

py-bleek — Public; relating to the community or state

CHAPITRE

sha-peetr — Chapter; a numbered division of a text

DE

duh — Preposition 'of' or 'about'; introduces a topic

L'

l — Contracted definite article before a vowel sound

ÉTAT

ay-ta — State; a condition or a political entity

NATURE

na-tyur — Nature; the natural world or inherent character

POUR

poor — For, in order to; introduces a purpose

comprendre

kɔ̃-prɑ̃dr — To understand or comprehend something fully

dériver

day-ree-vay — To derive or trace the origin of something

origine

o-ree-zheen — Origin; the beginning or source of something

devons

duh-vɔ̃ — Must, have to; first person plural of 'devoir'

considérer

kɔ̃-see-day-ray — To consider or examine something carefully

état

ay-ta — State; condition or political community

lequel

luh-kel — Which; relative pronoun referring to a masculine noun

tous

too — All; every one of a group (masculine plural)

hommes

om — Men; adult male humans or humans in general

trouvent

troov — Find themselves; third person plural of 'trouver'

naturellement

na-ty-rel-mɑ̃ — Naturally; in accordance with nature or expectation

savoir

sa-vwar — To know; also used to introduce further explanation

parfaite

par-fet — Perfect; complete, without flaw (feminine form)

liberté

lee-behr-tay — Liberty, freedom; absence of constraint or oppression

leurs

luhr — Their; possessive adjective for plural possession

actions

ak-syɔ̃ — Actions; things done or carried out by someone

disposer

dees-po-zay — To dispose of or arrange; to have free use

biens

byɛ̃ — Goods, belongings, property owned by a person

personnes

pehr-son — Persons; individual human beings

ils

eel — They; third person plural masculine pronoun

jugent

zyuzh — Judge, think fit; third person plural of 'juger'

bon

bɔ̃ — Good; appropriate, suitable, or favorable

limites

lee-meet — Limits, boundaries; constraints placed on behavior

loi

lwa — Law; a rule enacted by authority

nature

na-tyur — Nature; the natural order or inherent character

sans

sɑ̃ — Without; preposition indicating absence of something

demander

duh-mɑ̃-day — To ask, request, or require something from someone

permission

pehr-mee-syɔ̃ — Permission; authorization granted by another person

ni

nee — Nor; used in negative constructions linking two elements

dépendre

day-pɑ̃dr — To depend on; to be subject to another's will

volonté

vo-lɔ̃-tay — Will; the desire or intention of a person

aucun

o-kɑ̃ — None, no, any; used in negative constructions

autre

otr — Other; a different or additional person or thing