Second Treatise of Government — Page 2
That if even that had been determined, yet the knowledge of which is the eldest line of Adam's posterity, being so long since utterly lost, that in the races of mankind and families of the world, there remains not to one above another, the least pretence to be the eldest house, and to have the right of inheritance:
Che anche se ciò fosse stato stabilito, tuttavia la conoscenza di quale sia la linea più antica della discendenza di Adamo, essendo da così lungo tempo completamente perduta, che nelle stirpi dell'umanità e nelle famiglie del mondo, non rimane ad alcuno più che ad un altro, il minimo pretesto di essere la casata più antica, e di avere il diritto di eredità:
All these premises having, as I think, been clearly made out, it is impossible that the rulers now on earth should make any benefit, or derive any the least shadow of authority from that, which is held to be the fountain of all power, Adam's private dominion and paternal jurisdiction;
Avendo tutte queste premesse, come ritengo, been chiaramente dimostrate, è impossibile che i governanti attualmente sulla terra possano trarre alcun beneficio, o ricavare la minima ombra di autorità da ciò che è considerato la fonte di ogni potere, il dominio privato di Adamo e la giurisdizione paterna;
so that he that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts, where the strongest carries it, and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition and rebellion, (things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against) must of necessity find out another rise of government, another original of political power, and another way of designing and knowing the persons that have it, than what Sir Robert Filmer hath taught us.
cosicché colui che non vorrà dare giusta occasione di pensare che tutto il governo nel mondo sia il prodotto soltanto della forza e della violenza, e che gli uomini vivano insieme secondo nessun'altra regola se non quella delle bestie, dove il più forte prevale, e porre così le fondamenta per un disordine perpetuo e il malaffare, il tumulto, la sedizione e la ribellione, (cose contro le quali i seguaci di tale ipotesi protestano così clamorosamente) dovrà necessariamente trovare un'altra origine del governo, un altro principio del potere politico, e un altro modo di designare e conoscere le persone che lo detengono, diverso da quello che Sir Robert Filmer ci ha insegnato.
Sect. 2.
Sez. 2.
Vocabulary
- Che
- ke — That; introducing a clause or conjunction
- anche
- an-ke — Also, too, even
- se
- se — If, whether
- ciò
- cho — That, this thing, it
- fosse
- fos-se — Were (subjunctive/conditional past of essere)
- stato
- sta-to — Been; state, condition
- stabilito
- sta-bi-li-to — Established, fixed, settled
- tuttavia
- tut-ta-vi-a — Nevertheless, however, yet
- la
- la — The (feminine singular article)
- conoscenza
- ko-no-shen-tsa — Knowledge, acquaintance, understanding
- di
- di — Of, from, about
- quale
- kwa-le — Which, what, who
- sia
- si-a — Is (present subjunctive of essere)
- linea
- li-ne-a — Line, lineage, row
- più
- pyu — More, most, anymore
- antica
- an-ti-ka — Ancient, old, antique (feminine)
- della
- del-la — Of the (feminine singular contraction)
- discendenza
- di-shen-den-tsa — Descent, lineage, ancestry
- essendo
- es-sen-do — Being (gerund of essere)
- da
- da — From, by, since
- così
- ko-zi — So, thus, in this way
- lungo
- lun-go — Long, lengthy, prolonged
- tempo
- tem-po — Time, weather, period
- completamente
- kom-ple-ta-men-te — Completely, entirely, totally
- perduta
- per-du-ta — Lost, missing, gone (feminine)
- che
- ke — That, which, who (relative/conjunction)
- nelle
- nel-le — In the (feminine plural contraction)
- stirpi
- stir-pi — Lineages, stocks, races of people
- dell'umanità
- del-lu-ma-ni-ta — Of humanity, of mankind
- e
- e — And (conjunction)
- famiglie
- fa-mi-lye — Families, households
- del
- del — Of the (masculine singular contraction)
- mondo
- mon-do — World, earth, society
- non
- non — Not, no (negation)
- rimane
- ri-ma-ne — Remains, stays, is left
- ad
- ad — To, at (before vowels)
- alcuno
- al-ku-no — Anyone, someone, any (singular)
- un
- un — A, an (masculine indefinite article)
- altro
- al-tro — Other, another, else
- il
- il — The (masculine singular article)
- minimo
- mi-ni-mo — Minimum, slightest, least
- pretesto
- pre-tes-to — Pretext, excuse, pretense
- essere
- es-se-re — To be (infinitive)
- casata
- ka-za-ta — Dynasty, noble house, lineage
- avere
- a-ve-re — To have (infinitive)
- diritto
- di-rit-to — Right, law, entitlement
- eredità
- e-re-di-ta — Inheritance, heritage, legacy
- Avendo
- a-ven-do — Having (gerund of avere)
- tutte
- tut-te — All, every (feminine plural)
- queste
- kwes-te — These (feminine plural demonstrative)
- premesse
- pre-mes-se — Premises, assumptions, prior points
- come
- ko-me — How, as, like
- ritengo
- ri-ten-go — I consider, I believe, I hold
- chiaramente
- kya-ra-men-te — Clearly, plainly, evidently
- dimostrate
- di-mos-tra-te — Demonstrated, proved, shown (plural)
- è
- e — Is (third person singular of essere)
- impossibile
- im-pos-si-bi-le — Impossible, not achievable
- i
- i — The (masculine plural article)
- governanti
- go-ver-nan-ti — Rulers, governors, those in power
- attualmente
- at-twal-men-te — Currently, at present, nowadays
- sulla
- sul-la — On the (feminine singular contraction)
- terra
- ter-ra — Earth, land, ground
- possano
- pos-sa-no — Can, may (present subjunctive of potere)
- trarre
- trar-re — To draw, derive, extract
- alcun
- al-kun — Any, some (before masculine noun)
- beneficio
- be-ne-fi-cho — Benefit, advantage, profit
- o
- o — Or (disjunctive conjunction)
- ricavare
- ri-ka-va-re — To derive, extract, obtain from
- minima
- mi-ni-ma — Minimum, slightest (feminine singular)
- ombra
- om-bra — Shadow, shade, trace
- autorità
- aw-to-ri-ta — Authority, power, jurisdiction
- considerato
- kon-si-de-ra-to — Considered, regarded, taken as
- fonte
- fon-te — Source, origin, fountain
- ogni
- on-yi — Every, each, all
- potere
- po-te-re — Power, ability; to be able
- dominio
- do-mi-nyo — Dominion, rule, control
- privato
- pri-va-to — Private, personal, individual
- giurisdizione
- ju-ris-di-tsyo-ne — Jurisdiction, legal authority, domain
- paterna
- pa-ter-na — Paternal, fatherly (feminine form)
- cosicché
- ko-zik-ke — So that, therefore, consequently
- colui
- ko-lwi — He who, the one who
- vorrà
- vor-ra — Will want (future of volere)
- dare
- da-re — To give (infinitive)
- giusta
- jus-ta — Just, fair, right (feminine)
- occasione
- ok-ka-zyo-ne — Occasion, opportunity, chance
- pensare
- pen-sa-re — To think, to believe, to consider
- tutto
- tut-to — All, everything, whole
- governo
- go-ver-no — Government, rule, administration
- nel
- nel — In the (masculine singular contraction)
- prodotto
- pro-dot-to — Product, result, outcome
- soltanto
- sol-tan-to — Only, solely, just
- forza
- for-tsa — Force, strength, power
- violenza
- vyo-len-tsa — Violence, force, brutality
- gli
- lyi — The (masculine plural before s+consonant/vowel)
- uomini
- wo-mi-ni — Men, human beings (plural)
- vivano
- vi-va-no — Live (present subjunctive of vivere)
- insieme
- in-sye-me — Together, jointly, at the same time
- secondo
- se-kon-do — According to, second, following
- nessun'altra
- nes-sun-al-tra — No other (feminine, elided form)
- regola
- re-go-la — Rule, norm, regulation
- quella
- kwel-la — That (feminine singular demonstrative)
- delle
- del-le — Of the (feminine plural contraction)
- bestie
- bes-tye — Beasts, animals, brutes
- dove
- do-ve — Where, wherever
- forte
- for-te — Strong, powerful, strong one
- prevale
- pre-va-le — Prevails, dominates, wins out
- porre
- por-re — To place, lay, set, establish
- le
- le — The (feminine plural article)
- fondamenta
- fon-da-men-ta — Foundations, groundwork, basis (plural)
- per
- per — For, through, in order to
- disordine
- di-zor-di-ne — Disorder, chaos, confusion
- perpetuo
- per-pe-two — Perpetual, eternal, endless
- malaffare
- ma-la-fa-re — Wrongdoing, corruption, shady business
- tumulto
- tu-mul-to — Tumult, uproar, commotion
- sedizione
- se-di-tsyo-ne — Sedition, rebellion, incitement to revolt
- ribellione
- ri-bel-lyo-ne — Rebellion, uprising, revolt
- cose
- ko-ze — Things, matters, objects (plural)
- contro
- kon-tro — Against, opposed to
- quali
- kwa-li — Which, who (plural relative pronoun)
- seguaci
- se-gwa-chi — Followers, adherents, supporters
- tale
- ta-le — Such, this kind of, that
- ipotesi
- i-po-te-zi — Hypothesis, assumption, theory
- protestano
- pro-tes-ta-no — Protest, object, complain loudly
- clamorosamente
- kla-mo-ro-za-men-te — Clamorously, loudly, vociferously
- dovrà
- do-vra — Will have to, must (future of dovere)
- necessariamente
- ne-ches-sa-rya-men-te — Necessarily, inevitably, of necessity
- trovare
- tro-va-re — To find, discover, locate
- un'altra
- u-nal-tra — Another (feminine, elided)
- origine
- o-ri-ji-ne — Origin, source, beginning
- principio
- prin-chi-pyo — Principle, beginning, foundation
- politico
- po-li-ti-ko — Political, pertaining to government
- modo
- mo-do — Way, manner, method
- designare
- de-zi-nya-re — To designate, appoint, identify
- conoscere
- ko-nos-she-re — To know, to be acquainted with
- persone
- per-so-ne — Persons, people, individuals
- lo
- lo — It, him (masculine direct object pronoun)
- detengono
- de-ten-go-no — Hold, possess, retain (third plural)
- diverso
- di-ver-so — Different, diverse, other
- quello
- kwel-lo — That (masculine singular demonstrative)
- ci
- chi — Us, to us, here (pronoun/adverb)
- ha
- a — Has (third person singular of avere)
- insegnato
- in-se-nya-to — Taught, instructed (past participle)
- Sez
- sets — Section (abbreviation of sezione)
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