Second Treatise of Government — Page 10
Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.
Coloro che hanno il potere supremo di fare leggi in Inghilterra, Francia o Olanda, sono agli occhi di un indiano, come il resto del mondo, uomini privi di autorità: e quindi, se per legge di natura ogni uomo non ha il potere di punire le offese contro di essa, come egli giudica sobriamente che il caso richieda, non vedo come i magistrati di qualsiasi comunità possano punire uno straniero di un altro paese; poiché, nei suoi confronti, essi non possono avere più potere di quello che ogni uomo naturalmente può avere su un altro.
Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.
Sez. 10. Oltre al crimine che consiste nel violare la legge e nel deviare dalla retta regola della ragione, per cui un uomo diventa a tal punto degenerato e dichiara di abbandonare i principi della natura umana e di essere una creatura nociva, vi è comunemente un danno arrecato a qualche persona, e qualche altro uomo riceve un pregiudizio dalla sua trasgressione: nel qual caso colui che ha ricevuto un danno ha, oltre al diritto di punizione comune a lui con gli altri uomini, un diritto particolare di cercare riparazione da colui che lo ha compiuto: e qualsiasi altra persona, che lo ritenga giusto, può anche unirsi a colui che è stato leso e assisterlo nel recuperare dall'offensore quanto possa costituire soddisfazione per il danno che ha subito.
Sect. 11.
Sez. 11.
Vocabulary
- Coloro
- Those; refers to a group of people
- che
- That, who, which; versatile conjunction and pronoun
- hanno
- They have; third person plural of avere
- il
- The; masculine singular definite article
- potere
- Power, authority; ability to control or govern
- supremo
- Supreme, highest; of greatest authority or rank
- di
- Of, from; very common preposition indicating possession
- fare
- To make, to do; fundamental action verb
- leggi
- Laws; rules established by governing authority
- in
- In, into; basic preposition of location
- Inghilterra
- England; country in northwestern Europe
- Francia
- France; country in western Europe
- o
- Or; conjunction presenting an alternative
- Olanda
- Holland, the Netherlands; country in northwestern Europe
- sono
- They are; third person plural of essere
- agli
- To the; contraction of a and gli (plural)
- occhi
- Eyes; plural of occhio, organs of sight
- un
- A, an; masculine singular indefinite article
- indiano
- Indian; person from India or indigenous America
- come
- Like, as, how; conjunction or adverb of manner
- resto
- Rest, remainder; what is left of a group
- del
- Of the; contraction of di and il
- mondo
- World; the earth or all of humanity
- uomini
- Men; plural of uomo, adult male humans
- privi
- Deprived of, lacking; without something essential
- autorità
- Authority; legitimate power or right to command
- e
- And; basic coordinating conjunction
- quindi
- Therefore, so; conjunction indicating logical consequence
- se
- If; conditional conjunction introducing a hypothesis
- per
- For, by, through; versatile preposition of purpose
- legge
- Law; rule enacted by governing authority
- natura
- Nature; the natural world or innate character
- ogni
- Every, each; adjective indicating all members individually
- uomo
- Man, person; adult male or human being
- non
- Not; basic negation adverb
- ha
- Has; third person singular of avere
- punire
- To punish; to impose a penalty for wrongdoing
- le
- The; feminine plural definite article
- offese
- Offenses, wrongs; violations of law or right
- contro
- Against; preposition indicating opposition
- essa
- It, she; third person singular feminine pronoun
- egli
- He; formal third person masculine singular pronoun
- giudica
- He judges; to evaluate or pass judgment
- sobriamente
- Soberly, moderately; in a calm restrained manner
- caso
- Case, situation; a particular instance or circumstance
- richieda
- Requires, demands; subjunctive of richiedere
- vedo
- I see; first person singular of vedere
- i
- The; masculine plural definite article
- magistrati
- Magistrates; officials with judicial or administrative power
- qualsiasi
- Any, whatever; adjective meaning of any kind
- comunità
- Community; a group sharing common territory or interests
- possano
- May, can; subjunctive of potere, third plural
- uno
- A, one; masculine indefinite article or numeral
- straniero
- Foreigner, stranger; person from another country
- altro
- Other, another; different or additional person or thing
- paese
- Country, village; a nation or small settlement
- poiché
- Since, because; conjunction indicating cause or reason
- nei
- In the; contraction of in and i (plural)
- suoi
- His, her, its; masculine plural possessive adjective
- confronti
- Comparisons, regard; nei confronti di means toward
- essi
- They; third person plural pronoun, formal usage
- possono
- They can; third person plural of potere
- avere
- To have; fundamental auxiliary and action verb
- più
- More, no longer; adverb of degree or negation
- quello
- That; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun or adjective
- naturalmente
- Naturally, of course; in a natural or obvious way
- può
- Can, is able; third person singular of potere
- su
- On, over, about; preposition of position or topic
- Oltre
- Besides, beyond; preposition indicating addition
- al
- To the; contraction of a and il
- crimine
- Crime; a serious offense against law or society
- consiste
- Consists; third person singular of consistere
- nel
- In the; contraction of in and il
- violare
- To violate, to break; to infringe upon a rule
- la
- The; feminine singular definite article
- deviare
- To deviate, to stray; to depart from a norm
- dalla
- From the; contraction of da and la
- retta
- Right, straight; correct or upright moral standard
- regola
- Rule; a standard or principle governing conduct
- della
- Of the; contraction of di and la
- ragione
- Reason; rational faculty or justification for action
- cui
- Whose, which, whom; relative pronoun after preposition
- diventa
- Becomes; third person singular of diventare
- a
- To, at; basic preposition of location or direction
- tal
- Such; abbreviated form of tale, indicating degree
- punto
- Point, extent; a degree or particular moment
- degenerato
- Degenerated; having declined from a moral standard
- dichiara
- Declares; third person singular of dichiarare
- abbandonare
- To abandon; to leave or give up completely
- principi
- Principles; fundamental truths or rules of conduct
- umana
- Human; relating to human beings, feminine form
- essere
- To be; fundamental verb of existence or identity
- una
- A, one; feminine singular indefinite article
- creatura
- Creature; a living being, often implying inferiority
- nociva
- Harmful, noxious; causing damage or injury to others
- vi
- There, here; locative pronoun or particle
- è
- Is; third person singular of essere
- comunemente
- Commonly, usually; in a way shared by most
- danno
- Damage, harm; injury or loss caused to someone
- arrecato
- Caused, inflicted; past participle of arrecare
- qualche
- Some, a few; indefinite adjective of small quantity
- persona
- Person; an individual human being
- riceve
- Receives; third person singular of ricevere
- pregiudizio
- Prejudice, harm; damage or unfair bias suffered
- sua
- His, her, its; feminine singular possessive adjective
- trasgressione
- Transgression; act of breaking a law or moral rule
- qual
- Which, what; shortened form of quale
- colui
- He who, the one who; formal demonstrative pronoun
- ricevuto
- Received; past participle of ricevere
- oltre
- Beyond, besides; preposition of addition or excess
- diritto
- Right, law; entitlement or body of legal rules
- punizione
- Punishment; penalty imposed for wrongdoing
- comune
- Common, shared; belonging to all or most people
- lui
- Him, he; third person masculine singular pronoun
- con
- With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means
- gli
- The; masculine plural definite article before vowels
- altri
- Others; plural of altro, remaining people
- particolare
- Particular, specific; relating to an individual case
- cercare
- To seek, to look for; to attempt to find something
- riparazione
- Reparation; compensation for harm or damage suffered
- da
- From, by; preposition of origin or agent
- lo
- Him, it; masculine singular direct object pronoun
- compiuto
- Committed, accomplished; past participle of compiere
- ritenga
- Considers, deems; subjunctive of ritenere
- giusto
- Just, fair, right; conforming to moral rightness
- anche
- Also, even, too; adverb of addition or emphasis
- unirsi
- To join, to unite oneself; reflexive of unire
- stato
- State; a politically organized body or condition
- leso
- Injured, wronged; past participle of ledere
- assisterlo
- To assist him; to help a wronged party recover
- recuperare
- To recover, to retrieve; to get back what was lost
- offensore
- Offender; person who commits a wrong or crime
- quanto
- As much as, how much; relative quantity expression
- possa
- May, can; subjunctive singular of potere
- costituire
- To constitute, to represent; to form or establish something
- soddisfazione
- Satisfaction; fulfillment or compensation for a wrong
- subito
- Immediately, suffered; adverb or past participle of subire
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