Second Treatise of Government — Page 3

Vocabulary

もし

moshi — If; used to introduce a conditional clause

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative pronoun for nearby things

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle

論文

ronbun — Academic paper, thesis, or essay

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or target

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to nearby thing

証拠

shōko — Evidence, proof supporting a claim

が

ga — Subject-marking particle in Japanese grammar

含まれて

fukumarete — Being included or contained within something

いる

iru — To exist; auxiliary indicating ongoing state

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or 'if/when'

すれば

sureba — If one does; conditional form of 'suru'

私

watashi — I; first-person singular pronoun

は

wa — Topic-marking particle in Japanese sentences

それら

sorera — Those; plural demonstrative pronoun for distant things

中

naka — Inside, within, among a group or space

それ

sore — That; demonstrative pronoun for a nearby thing

見出さ

miidasa — To find, discover, or identify something

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary verb suffix in Japanese

もの

mono — Thing, object, or matter in general

自負

jifu — Pride or confidence in one's own ability

して

shite — Te-form of 'suru'; doing, and then

だ

da — Copula; plain form of 'is/are/am'

失わ

ushinawa — To lose something; stem of 'ushinau'

れ

re — Passive or potential verb suffix form

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb suffix

して

shite — Te-form of 'suru'; doing, connecting actions

も

mo — Also, even, too; inclusive particle

大して

taishite — Not particularly; not very much (used negatively)

惜しむ

oshimu — To regret losing; to begrudge or spare

及ば

oyoba — To reach, extend to; need not (in negative)

ず

zu — Negative suffix; without doing something

読者

dokusha — Reader; a person who reads a text

なし

nashi — Without; lacking something entirely

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action

満足

manzoku — Satisfaction; feeling content or fulfilled

できる

dekiru — To be able to; can do something

あろう

arō — Probably is; volitional/speculative form of 'aru'

という

to iu — Called, known as; quoting or defining something

驚く

odoroku — To be surprised or astonished by something

べき

beki — Should, ought to; expressing obligation or expectation

体系

taikei — System, framework, or organized structure of knowledge

各

kaku — Each, every; referring to individual members

あらゆる

arayuru — Every, all; encompassing without exception

曖昧さ

aimaisa — Ambiguity, vagueness, lack of clarity

を

wo — Object-marking particle in Japanese grammar

たどり

tadori — To follow a path; to trace or navigate

ながら

nagara — While doing; simultaneous action conjunction

再び

futatabi — Again, once more, a second time

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun

追跡

tsuiseki — Pursuit, tracking, or following someone closely

答え

kotae — Answer, response, or solution to a question

欠け

kake — Lacking, missing, deficient in something

部分

bubun — Part, section, or portion of a whole

埋め合わせる

umeiawaseru — To compensate for, make up for a deficiency

ため

tame — For the purpose of; because of something

苦労

kurō — Hardship, trouble, toil or painful effort

繰り返す

kurikaesu — To repeat, do something over and over

時間

jikan — Time; a duration or specific moment

意欲

iyoku — Motivation, desire, or eagerness to act

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary adjective

思わ

omowa — Stem of 'omou'; to think or feel

から

kara — From; because; starting point particle

ある

aru — To exist, to be (for inanimate objects)

国王

kokuō — King; monarch of a country or kingdom

国民

kokumin — Citizens, nationals of a country collectively

全体

zentai — Whole, entirety, the entire group or body

その後

sonogo — After that, subsequently, thereafter

仮説

kasetsu — Hypothesis, tentative theory or assumption

これ

kore — This; demonstrative pronoun for nearby thing

ほど

hodo — To the extent of; approximately, as much as

徹底的

tetteiteki — Thorough, exhaustive, complete in every respect

今後

kongo — From now on, henceforth, in the future

誰

dare — Who; interrogative pronoun for a person

我々

wareware — We, us; first-person plural formal pronoun

共通

kyōtsū — Common, shared, mutual between parties

安全

anzen — Safety, security; free from danger or harm

反し

hanshi — Going against, contrary to, violating something

現れ

araware — Appearance, manifestation; to appear or emerge

奴隷制

doreibsei — Slavery; the institution of enslaving people

擁護者

yōgosha — Defender, advocate, supporter of a cause

なる

naru — To become; to come to be something

持つ

motsu — To hold, have, or possess something

者

mono / sha — Person, one who does something; individual

また

mata — Also, again, moreover; additionally

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns

文体

buntai — Writing style, literary style of expression

巧み

takumi — Skillful, clever, dexterous in execution

文章

bunshō — Written text, sentence, or literary composition

装わ

yosoowa — To pretend, disguise, feign an appearance

矛盾

mujun — Contradiction; logical inconsistency between statements

欺か

azamuka — To deceive, trick, or mislead someone

弱さ

yowasa — Weakness, frailty, lack of strength

い

i — Verb ending for i-adjectives; to be

だろう

darō — Probably; conjecture or soft assertion

思う

omou — To think, believe, feel something

なぜなら

nazenara — Because; introducing a reason or explanation

か

ka — Question particle; or marker of uncertainty

ここ

koko — Here; this place, nearby location

触れ

fure — To touch on, mention briefly, or contact

られ

rare — Passive/potential auxiliary suffix in Japanese

疑わしい

utagawashii — Doubtful, suspicious, questionable in nature

表現

hyōgen — Expression; way of conveying ideas or feelings

飾り

kazari — Decoration, ornament; embellishment of something

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, speech, or expression

直接的

chokusetsu-teki — Direct, straightforward without ambiguity

明確

meikaku — Clear, definite, unambiguous and precise

理解

rikai — Understanding, comprehension of something

可能

kanō — Possible, feasible, capable of being done

しよう

shiyō — Let's do; volitional form of 'suru'

努め

tsutome — To strive, endeavor, make an effort

そして

soshite — And then, and so; connecting sentences

互い

tagai — Each other, mutually, one another

比較

hikaku — Comparison; examining similarities and differences

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb

なら

nara — If, in that case; conditional particle

ば

ba — Conditional suffix meaning 'if' or 'when'

多く

ōku — Many, much, a large number or amount

口先

kuchisaki — Lip service; empty words without substance

だけ

dake — Only, just, merely; limiting particle

無意味

muimi — Meaningless, senseless, without purpose

響き

hibiki — Sound, resonance, echo of something

良い

yoi — Good, fine, acceptable or favorable

英語

eigo — English language; the language of England

まとめ

matome — Summary, compilation, putting things together

こと

koto — Thing, fact, matter (abstract nominalizer)

今

ima — Now, at present, currently

まで

made — Until, up to, as far as

なかっ

naka' — Past negative form of 'nai'; was not

すぐ

sugu — Soon, immediately, right away

確信

kakushin — Conviction, firm belief, certainty about something

全

zen — All, entire, whole; prefix meaning complete

著作

chosaku — Written work, literary or scholarly publication

検討

kentō — Examination, consideration, careful review

価値

kachi — Value, worth, importance of something

つい

tsui — Inadvertently, unintentionally, just recently

論じ

ronji — To argue, discuss, debate a topic

試み

kokoromi — Attempt, trial, effort to do something

みる

miru — To try doing; auxiliary meaning to attempt

よい

yoi — Good, fine, it is acceptable

尽くし

tsukushi — Using all of, exhausting every effort

自身

jishin — Oneself; by oneself, personally

あるいは

aruiwa — Or, alternatively, perhaps, either

常識

jōshiki — Common sense; general knowledge everyone shares

一致

itchi — Agreement, coincidence, consistency or conformity

させる

saseru — Causative suffix; to make or let someone do

どう

dō — How, in what way; interrogative adverb

試し

tameshi — Trial, test, attempt to verify something