Second Treatise of Government — Page 2

Vocabulary

編集者注

henshuusha chuu — Editor's note; annotation added by an editor.

本書

honsho — This book; the present volume.

の

no — Possessive or descriptive particle linking nouns.

現版

genban — Current edition; the present version of a text.

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the subject.

著者

chosha — Author; the person who wrote a work.

存命中

zonmei chuu — During one's lifetime; while still alive.

に

ni — Particle indicating time, location, or indirect object.

出版

shuppan — Publication; the act of publishing a book.

さ

sa — Verb suffix used in passive or causative forms.

れ

re — Passive verb ending indicating an action received.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending.

最初

saisho — First; the very beginning or earliest instance.

三版

sanban — Third edition; the third printed version of a work.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and' or 'with'; quotation marker.

照合

shougou — Collation; comparing texts or documents for accuracy.

だけ

dake — Only; just; limiting particle indicating exclusivity.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or scope.

なく

naku — Not; negative connective form meaning 'without being.'

が

ga — Subject marker particle; also marks contrast or desire.

氏

shi — Mr./Ms.; honorific suffix for a person's name.

手渡し

tewatashi — Handing over directly; personal delivery by hand.

写本

shahon — Manuscript; a handwritten copy of a text.

から

kara — From; particle indicating origin, source, or cause.

得

e — To obtain; to gain or acquire something.

られ

rare — Passive or potential verb suffix; can be obtained.

最後

saigo — Last; final; the very end of something.

訂正

teisei — Correction; fixing or rectifying errors in a text.

改良

kairyou — Improvement; making something better than before.

恩恵

onkei — Benefit; grace; a favor or blessing received.

も

mo — Also; too; particle indicating inclusion or addition.

受け

uke — To receive; to accept something offered or given.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential verb actions.

おり

ori — Humble form of 'to be'; indicates ongoing state.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to something nearby.

編集者

henshuusha — Editor; person who edits and prepares texts for publication.

伝え

tsutae — To convey; to pass on information or a message.

現在

genzai — Currently; at the present time or moment.

カレッジ

Karejji — College; an institution of higher education.

保管

hokan — Safekeeping; storing or preserving an item carefully.

いる

iru — To exist; to be present (animate beings).

序文

jobun — Preface; introductory text at the start of a book.

読者

dokusha — Reader; a person who reads a book or text.

よ

yo — Vocative or assertive particle addressing or emphasizing.

ここ

koko — Here; this place; the current location or context.

統治

touchi — Governance; ruling or administering a state or people.

関する

kansuru — To relate to; to concern or be about something.

論考

ronkou — Treatise; a scholarly essay examining a topic thoroughly.

冒頭

boutou — Opening; the very beginning of a text or speech.

末尾

matsubi — End; the concluding part of a document or text.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; there is (inanimate things).

中間

chuukan — Middle; the intermediate portion between two points.

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating the direct object.

埋める

umeru — To fill in; to bury or complete a gap.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing obligation or expectation.

あっ

a(t) — Contracted past form of 'aru'; was; existed.

残り

nokori — Remainder; what is left over after something is removed.

すべて

subete — All; everything; every single one without exception.

上回る

uwamawaru — To exceed; to surpass or go beyond a certain amount.

量

ryou — Quantity; amount; the volume or measure of something.

原稿

genkou — Manuscript; a draft or original copy of written work.

運命

unmei — Fate; destiny; the predetermined course of events.

よっ

yo(t) — Contracted form of 'yotte'; by means of; due to.

どの

dono — Which; what kind of (used before a noun).

よう

you — Way; manner; resemblance; expressing how something is.

処分

shobun — Disposal; dealing with or getting rid of something.

か

ka — Question particle; also expresses uncertainty or choice.

告げる

tsugeru — To tell; to inform or announce something to someone.

こと

koto — Thing; matter; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns.

あなた

anata — You; second-person pronoun addressing the listener.

とっ

to(t) — Contracted form of 'totte'; for; in regard to.

価値

kachi — Value; worth; the importance or usefulness of something.

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary indicating absence or negation.

残さ

nokosa — To leave behind; to keep remaining (causative stem).

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative referring to nearby things.

文章

bunshou — Sentence; written text; a piece of prose writing.

我ら

warera — We; us; first-person plural pronoun (literary style).

偉大

idai — Great; magnificent; of outstanding importance or ability.

なる

naru — To become; to be (attributive); connective adjective ending.

回復者

kaifukusha — Restorer; one who recovers or reinstates something lost.

現国王

gen kokuou — The reigning king; the current monarch of a nation.

王位

oui — The throne; royal position or status of a king.

確立

kakuritsu — Establishment; firmly setting up or founding something.

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form meaning 'and' or 'having done.'

人民

jinmin — The people; citizens of a nation collectively.

同意

doui — Consent; agreement; approval given to something.

彼

kare — He; him; third-person masculine singular pronoun.

資格

shikaku — Qualification; eligibility; the right to hold a position.

正当化

seitou ka — Justification; the act of making something seem legitimate.

する

suru — To do; to perform an action (general purpose verb).

十分

juubun — Sufficient; enough; fully adequate for a purpose.

私

watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun.

望む

nozomu — To wish; to hope for or desire something earnestly.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle stressing the preceding word or phrase.

あらゆる

arayuru — All; every; of every possible kind without exception.

合法的

gouhouteki — Lawful; legal; conforming to established laws and rules.

な

na — Adjectival ending connecting na-adjectives to nouns.

政府

seifu — Government; the body that governs a country or state.

唯一

yuiitsu — Sole; only; the one and only thing of its kind.

根拠

konkyo — Basis; grounds; the foundation or justification for something.

あり

ari — There is; exists; literary form of 'aru.'

キリスト教

Kirisutokyou — Christianity; the religion based on the life of Christ.

世界

sekai — World; the entire globe or sphere of existence.

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever; no matter what kind (formal expression).

君主

kunshu — Monarch; a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen.

より

yori — Than; from; more than (comparative or origin particle).

完全

kanzen — Complete; perfect; total without any deficiency.

かつ

katsu — And; moreover; additionally (formal conjunctive word).

明確

meikaku — Clear; definite; explicitly stated without ambiguity.

それ

sore — That; it; demonstrative pronoun referring to something.

有し

yushi — To possess; to have or hold something (formal verb form).

そし

soshi — And; and then; connective (contraction of 'soshite').

正当

seitou — Legitimate; just; rightful and properly justified.

自然

shizen — Nature; natural; inherent as opposed to artificial.

権利

kenri — Right; entitlement; a legal or moral claim to something.

へ

e — Toward; directional particle indicating movement or aim.

愛

ai — Love; deep affection for a person, thing, or ideal.

守ろ

mamoro — Volitional form of 'to protect'; let us defend.

う

u — Volitional auxiliary expressing intention or suggestion.

決意

ketsui — Determination; firm resolve to do something important.

奴隷制

doresei — Slavery; the system of owning people as property.

破滅

hametsu — Ruin; destruction; complete collapse or downfall.

瀬戸際

setogiwa — Brink; critical edge; the verge of disaster or change.

国家

kokka — State; nation; a politically organized sovereign country.

救っ

suку(t) — Saved; rescued (past connective form of 'sukuu').

イングランド

Ingurando — England; the southern part of Great Britain.

対し

taishi — Against; toward; in relation to something or someone.

もの

mono — Thing; person; nominalizer adding nuance to statements.