Second Treatise of Government — Page 10

English → Japanese Book II Level 9/10

Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.

イングランド、フランス、またはオランダにおいて法律を制定する最高権力を持つ者たちも、インディアンにとっては、世界の他の人々と同様に、権威を持たない人間に過ぎない。したがって、もし自然の法則によって、すべての人がそれに対する違反を、冷静な判断のもとで必要と認める場合に罰する権力を持たないとするならば、いかなる共同体の行政官も他国の外国人を罰することができるとは思えない。なぜなら、その外国人に関しては、すべての人が他の人に対して自然に持ちうる権力以上のものを持つことができないからである。

Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.

第10節。法律を犯し、正しい理性の規則から逸脱するという罪のほかに――それによって人は堕落し、人間本来の原則を捨て、有害な存在であることを自ら宣言するのであるが――通常、何らかの人物に対して危害が加えられ、その違反によって他の人間が損害を被ることがある。その場合、損害を受けた者は、他の人々と共通して持つ処罰の権利に加えて、それを行った者に対して賠償を求める特別の権利を持つ。また、正当と認める他のいかなる人物も、傷つけられた者に加わり、被害者が受けた損害を満足させるだけの回復を加害者から得るにあたって、その者を助けることができる。

Sect. 11.

第11節。

Vocabulary

イングランド: Ingurando — England, a country in the United Kingdom.
フランス: Furansu — France, a country in Western Europe.
または: mata wa — Or; either one or the other option.
オランダ: Oranda — The Netherlands, a country in Northwestern Europe.
に: ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or time.
おいて: oite — At; in; used to indicate place or context.
法律: hōritsu — Law; a system of legal rules and regulations.
を: wo — Particle marking the direct object of a verb.
制定: seitei — Enactment; establishment of a law or rule.
する: suru — To do; general-purpose verb for actions.
最高: saikō — Supreme; highest in rank or authority.
権力: kenryoku — Power; authority held by a person or institution.
持つ: motsu — To have; to hold; to possess something.
者: mono / sha — Person; one who performs a role or action.
たち: tachi — Plural suffix indicating a group of people.
も: mo — Also; too; even; inclusive particle.
インディアン: Indiان (Indiyan) — Indigenous American peoples; Native Americans.
とっては: totte wa — For; from the perspective of someone.
世界: sekai — The world; all of humanity or the earth.
の: no — Possessive or linking particle between nouns.
他: hoka / ta — Other; another; the rest of something.
人々: hitobito — People; various individuals in a group.
と: to — And; with; quotation particle connecting elements.
同様: dōyō — Similarly; in the same way or manner.
権威: ken'i — Authority; prestige; recognized power or influence.
ない: nai — Negative auxiliary; does not; is not.
人間: ningen — Human being; a person; mankind in general.
過ぎ: sugi — Merely; nothing more than; just; only.
したがって: shitagatte — Therefore; consequently; as a result of this.
もし: moshi — If; used to introduce a conditional statement.
自然: shizen — Nature; natural; occurring without human intervention.
法則: hōsoku — Law; rule; a principle governing natural phenomena.
よって: yotte — By means of; due to; therefore; accordingly.
すべて: subete — All; everything; every single one without exception.
人: hito / jin / nin — Person; human being; people in general.
が: ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar.
それ: sore — That; it; referring to something previously mentioned.
対する: taisuru — To face; to be directed toward something.
違反: ihan — Violation; breach of a rule or law.
冷静: reisei — Calm; composed; cool-headed in judgment or action.
な: na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives.
判断: handan — Judgment; decision; assessment of a situation.
もと: moto — Under; based on; on the basis of something.
で: de — Particle indicating means, location, or context.
必要: hitsuyō — Necessary; needed; essential for a purpose.
認める: mitomeru — To recognize; to acknowledge; to approve something.
場合: baai — Case; situation; occasion; circumstance.
罰する: bassuru — To punish; to penalize someone for wrongdoing.
ならば: naraba — If it is; given that; conditional conjunction.
いかなる: ikanaru — Any; whatever kind; no matter what type.
共同体: kyōdōtai — Community; a group sharing common interests or living.
行政官: gyōseikan — Government official; administrator of public affairs.
他国: takoku — Another country; a foreign nation or state.
外国人: gaikokujin — Foreigner; a person from another country.
こと: koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns.
できる: dekiru — To be able to; to be possible to do.
は: wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the sentence subject.
なぜなら: nazenara — Because; the reason being; introducing an explanation.
その: sono — That; the; demonstrative modifier for nearby nouns.
関して: kanshite — Regarding; concerning; in relation to something.
対して: taishite — Against; toward; in contrast to something.
うる: uru — Can; to be able to; potential auxiliary verb.
以上: ijō — More than; no more than; the above-mentioned.
もの: mono — Thing; object; one who; nominalizing expression.
できない: dekinai — Cannot; to be unable to do something.
から: kara — Because; from; since; indicating reason or origin.
ある: aru — To exist; to be; there is (inanimate things).
第: dai — Ordinal prefix; number (e.g., first, second, etc.).
節: setsu — Section; clause; paragraph within a text.
犯し: okashi / okashi (犯し) — Committing; violating; stem form of 犯す.
正しい: tadashii — Correct; right; proper; morally just.
理性: risei — Reason; rationality; the faculty of logical thinking.
規則: kisoku — Rule; regulation; an established norm or guideline.
逸脱: itsudatsu — Deviation; departure from a standard or norm.
という: to iu — Called; known as; that is to say.
罪: tsumi — Crime; sin; guilt; a wrongful or immoral act.
ほか: hoka — Other; besides; in addition to something else.
堕落: daraku — Corruption; moral decay; falling into depravity.
本来: honrai — Originally; by nature; essentially; in principle.
原則: gensoku — Principle; fundamental rule guiding behavior or thought.
捨て: sute — Abandoning; discarding; stem form of 捨てる.
有害: yūgai — Harmful; injurious; causing damage or danger.
存在: sonzai — Existence; being; an entity that exists.
自ら: mizukara — Oneself; personally; by one's own accord.
宣言: sengen — Declaration; proclamation; an official public announcement.
通常: tsūjō — Usually; normally; under ordinary circumstances.
何らか: nanraka — Some kind of; some sort of; a certain.
人物: jinbutsu — Person; individual; a character or notable figure.
危害: kigai — Harm; injury; damage inflicted upon someone.
加え: kuwaе (kuwae) — Adding; inflicting; stem form of 加える.
られ: rare — Passive auxiliary suffix indicating an action received.
損害: songai — Damage; loss; harm caused by an action.
被る: kōmuru / kaburu — To suffer; to receive harm or damage inflicted.
受けた: uketa — Received; underwent; past tense of 受ける.
共通: kyōtsū — Common; shared; mutual among multiple parties.
して: shite — Doing; conjunctive form of する connecting actions.
処罰: shobatsu — Punishment; penalty; disciplinary action for wrongdoing.
権利: kenri — Right; entitlement; a legal or moral claim.
加えて: kuwaete — In addition; furthermore; on top of that.
行った: okonatta / itta — Did; carried out; past tense of 行う or 行く.
賠償: baishō — Compensation; reparation for damage or injury caused.
求める: motomeru — To seek; to demand; to request something earnestly.
特別: tokubetsu — Special; particular; distinct from what is ordinary.
また: mata — Also; again; moreover; in addition to this.
正当: seitō — Legitimate; just; rightful; legally or morally valid.
傷つけ: kizutsuke — Harming; wounding; stem form of 傷つける.
られた: rareta — Was done to; passive past auxiliary suffix.
加わり: kuwawari — Joining; adding to; stem form of 加わる.
被害者: higaisha — Victim; a person who has suffered harm or loss.
満足: manzoku — Satisfaction; contentment; fulfillment of a need.
さ: sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into nouns.
せる: seru — Causative auxiliary verb; to make or let someone do.
だけ: dake — Only; just; limited to a certain extent or amount.
回復: kaifuku — Recovery; restoration; returning to a previous state.
加害者: kagaisha — Perpetrator; offender; person who caused harm.
得る: eru / uru — To obtain; to gain; to be able to do.
あたって: atatte — Upon; at the time of; in doing something.
助ける: tasukeru — To help; to save; to assist someone in need.

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