Second Treatise of Government — Page 9

Vocabulary

これ

kore — This; refers to something near the speaker

は

wa — Topic marker particle in Japanese grammar

人類

jinrui — Humanity; all human beings collectively

全体

zentai — The whole; entirety; all together

に対する

ni taisuru — Against; directed toward; in relation to

侵害

shingai — Infringement; violation; encroachment on rights

で

de — Copula particle; at; by means of

あり

ari — To be; exists; conjunctive form of ある

自然法

shizenhō — Natural law; universal moral principles

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or agent

よって

yotte — By means of; because of; through

守ら

mamora — To protect; to defend; to uphold (stem form)

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary verb suffix in Japanese

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing obligation

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle

平和

heiwa — Peace; harmony; tranquility among people

と

to — And; with; quotation particle

安全

anzen — Safety; security; free from danger

ある

aru — To exist; to be; to have

から

kara — From; because; since; starting point

すべて

subete — All; everything; entirely without exception

人

hito — Person; human being; individual

全般

zenpan — Generally; overall; across the board

を

wo — Object marker particle in Japanese grammar

保護

hogo — Protection; safeguarding; preservation of rights

する

suru — To do; to perform; general action verb

権利

kenri — Right; entitlement; legal or moral claim

基づき

motozuki — Based on; grounded in; founded upon

とって

totte — For; from the perspective of someone

有害

yūgai — Harmful; injurious; detrimental to wellbeing

な

na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives

もの

mono — Thing; object; person; matter

抑制

yokusei — Suppression; restraint; holding something back

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form; and; furthermore

必要

hitsuyō — Necessary; required; essential need

場合

baai — Case; situation; circumstance; occasion

それ

sore — That; referring to something previously mentioned

排除

haijo — Exclusion; elimination; removal of something

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer for verb phrases

が

ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar

でき

deki — Can do; be able to; be possible

その

sono — That; the; referring to nearby context

法

hō — Law; rule; legal principle or code

犯し

okashi — To violate; to commit (a crime)

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb in Japanese

者

mono — Person; one who; individual (referring to someone)

に対して

ni taishite — Toward; against; in response to someone

行為

kōi — Act; action; deed; conduct or behavior

悔い改め

kuiaratame — Repentance; remorse; turning away from wrongdoing

させる

saseru — Causative auxiliary; to make or let do

よう

yō — So that; in order to; manner of

害悪

gaigaku — Evil; harm; something morally or physically damaging

加え

kuwae — To add; to inflict; to apply to

彼

kare — He; him; that person (masculine)

そして

soshite — And then; and also; furthermore

例

rei — Example; case; precedent; illustration

他

hoka — Other; another; the rest; others

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or living things

同様

dōyō — Similarly; in the same way; likewise

悪行

akugyō — Evil deed; wrongdoing; wicked conduct

思い

omoi — Thought; feeling; intention; desire

とどまら

todomarā — To stop; to refrain; to hold back

せる

seru — Causative verb suffix; to make someone do

できる

dekiru — To be able to; to be possible

この

kono — This; referring to something close or current

おいて

oite — In; at; regarding; in the context of

また

mata — Also; again; moreover; furthermore

根拠

konkyo — Basis; grounds; foundation for an argument

基づいて

motozuite — Based on; in accordance with; founded upon

違反者

ihansha — Violator; offender; one who breaks rules

罰し

basshi — To punish; to penalize; to discipline

執行者

shikkōsha — Executor; enforcer; one who carries out law

なる

naru — To become; to turn into; to result in

有する

yūsuru — To possess; to have; to hold a right

第

dai — Ordinal prefix; number (first, second, etc.)

九

ku / kyū — Nine; the number 9

節

setsu — Section; clause; paragraph; verse

人々

hitobito — People; persons; folks (plural of person)

きわめて

kiwamete — Extremely; very; to the utmost degree

奇妙

kimyō — Strange; odd; peculiar; curious or unusual

学説

gakusetsu — Theory; doctrine; academic thesis or argument

思わ

omowa — To think; to consider (negative/passive stem)

あろう

arō — Probably is; volitional form of ある

疑わ

utagawa — To doubt; to question; to be suspicious of

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary; does not exist

しかし

shikashi — However; but; nevertheless; on the other hand

彼ら

karera — They; them; those people (plural)

断罪

danzai — Condemnation; conviction; judgment of guilt

前

mae — Before; in front of; prior to

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever; no matter what kind

君主

kunshu — Monarch; sovereign; ruler of a state

や

ya — And; or; listing particle between nouns

国家

kokka — State; nation; country as a political entity

外国人

gaikokujin — Foreigner; foreign national; person from abroad

自国

jikoku — One's own country; one's native nation

内

nai / uchi — Inside; within; interior of a place

罪

tsumi — Crime; sin; offense; wrongdoing

死刑

shikei — Death penalty; capital punishment; execution

処し

shoshi — To deal with; to sentence; to handle officially

たり

tari — Listing actions; sometimes doing one thing or another

か

ka — Question particle; or; expressing uncertainty

私

watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun

説明

setsumei — Explanation; description; account of something

して

shite — Doing; conjunctive form of する

ほしい

hoshii — Want (someone to do); desire; wish for

望む

nozomu — To wish; to desire; to hope for

立法府

rippōfu — Legislature; law-making body; parliament

公布

kōfu — Promulgation; official proclamation of a law

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix; degree; extent of quality

れた

reta — Passive past tense auxiliary verb ending

意志

ishi — Will; intention; volition; determination

受ける

ukeru — To receive; to undergo; to accept something

制裁

seisai — Sanction; penalty; punitive measure applied

法律

hōritsu — Law; statute; legal regulation

及ば

oyoba — To reach; to extend to; to apply (negative)

確か

tashika — Certain; sure; reliable; indeed

語りかける

katari kakeru — To speak to; to address; to talk toward someone

なく

naku — Without; not being; negative conjunctive form

たとえ

tatoe — Even if; even though; suppose that

語りかけ

katari kake — Speaking to; addressing; act of talking toward

も

mo — Also; even; too; inclusive particle

従う

shitagau — To obey; to follow; to comply with

義務

gimu — Duty; obligation; responsibility

負わ

owa — To bear; to carry; to be burdened with

臣民

shinmin — Subject; citizen under a sovereign's rule

それら

sorera — Those; they; plural of that (things)

有効

yūkō — Valid; effective; in force; legally binding

機能

kinō — Function; capability; operation; working role

せて

sete — Causative conjunctive; making/letting do something

いる

iru — To be; to exist (for animate beings)

立法権

rippōken — Legislative power; authority to make laws

権力

kenryoku — Power; authority; political or governmental force

持た

mota — To hold; to possess; to have (stem form)