Second Treatise of Government — Page 8

Vocabulary

そして

soshite — And then; connecting two related statements or events.

自然

shizen — Nature; the natural world or a natural state.

状態

jōtai — State; condition or situation of something.

において

ni oite — In; at; formal expression indicating place or context.

ある

aru — To exist; to be (for inanimate things).

者

mono / sha — Person; one who does something; individual.

が

ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar.

他者

tasha — Other person; another individual; someone else.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

なし

nashi — Without; lacking; absence of something.

悪行

akugyō — Wrongdoing; evil deed; wicked act or behavior.

に

ni — Direction, location, or indirect object particle.

対して

taishite — Against; toward; in response to something.

その

sono — That; the; demonstrative adjective referring to something nearby.

を

wo — Direct object marker particle in Japanese grammar.

罰する

bassuru — To punish; to impose a penalty on someone.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; act; nominalizer for verb phrases.

できる

dekiru — To be able to; can; to become possible.

なら

nara — If; conditional conjunction expressing a hypothetical situation.

ば

ba — Conditional suffix meaning if or when something occurs.

誰

dare — Who; anyone; referring to an unspecified person.

も

mo — Also; even; too; inclusive or emphatic particle.

そう

sō — So; that way; in that manner or fashion.

する

suru — To do; to perform an action or activity.

なぜ

naze — Why; for what reason; asking for an explanation.

完全

kanzen — Complete; perfect; total; without flaw or deficiency.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

平等

byōdō — Equality; equal treatment of all people.

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the sentence subject.

一方

ippō — One side; on one hand; meanwhile or alternatively.

他方

tahō — The other side; on the other hand; conversely.

優越

yūetsu — Superiority; predominance over others; being above others.

性

sei / sei — Nature; quality; suffix indicating a characteristic or property.

管轄

kankatsu — Jurisdiction; authority over a particular area or matter.

権

ken — Right; authority; power; suffix for rights or authority.

持た

mota — To hold; to have (stem form of 持つ, motsu).

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary; does not exist or occur.

で

de — At; by; with; instrumental or locative particle.

から

kara — From; because; since; indicating origin or reason.

法

hō — Law; rule; legal system governing society.

執行

shikkō — Enforcement; execution; carrying out of law or orders.

得る

eru — To obtain; to gain; to be able to do.

なす

nasu — To do; to accomplish; to carry out an action.

権利

kenri — Right; entitlement; legal or moral claim to something.

なけれ

nakere — Must have; conditional negative stem of ない (nai).

第

dai — Ordinal prefix meaning number; the (nth) in sequence.

八

hachi — Eight; the number 8 in Japanese.

節

setsu — Section; clause; paragraph; a numbered division of text.

かくして

kakushite — Thus; in this way; and so it happened formally.

人

hito / jin — Person; human being; people in general.

対する

taisuru — To face; directed toward; in relation to something.

権力

kenryoku — Power; authority; political or social control over others.

それ

sore — That; it; referring to something previously mentioned.

絶対

zettai — Absolute; unconditional; without exception or limitation.

的

teki — Suffix meaning -like, -ish, or pertaining to something.

恣意

shii — Arbitrariness; acting by whim without rational basis.

なく

naku — Without; not having; negative conjunctive verb form.

犯罪

hanzai — Crime; criminal act; illegal offense against society.

手中

shuchū — In one's hands; within one's grasp or control.

収め

osame — To obtain; to bring under control; to put away.

際

sai — When; at the time of; on the occasion of.

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; personally; by one's own initiative.

激情

gekijō — Passion; violent emotion; intense overwhelming feeling.

や

ya — And; or; listing particle connecting multiple items.

果てしない

hateshinai — Endless; boundless; without limit or conclusion.

意志

ishi — Will; intention; determination to achieve something.

従って

shitagatte — Therefore; accordingly; following from; in accordance with.

扱う

atsukau — To handle; to treat; to deal with someone or something.

ただ

tada — Only; merely; just; nothing more than.

冷静

reisei — Calm; composed; cool-headed; not swayed by emotion.

理性

risei — Reason; rationality; logical faculty of the mind.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting words or clauses.

良心

ryōshin — Conscience; moral sense guiding right and wrong.

命じる

meijiru — To order; to command; to instruct someone to act.

限り

kagiri — As long as; to the extent of; limited by.

違反

ihan — Violation; breach; infringement of a rule or law.

相応しい

fusawashii — Appropriate; fitting; suitable for the situation or person.

報い

mukui — Reward or retribution; consequence deserved for one's actions.

与える

ataeru — To give; to grant; to provide something to someone.

すぎ

sugi — Too much; excessively; beyond an appropriate degree.

賠償

baishō — Compensation; reparation; making amends for caused damage.

抑止

yokushi — Deterrence; suppression; prevention of undesirable behavior.

ため

tame — For; in order to; for the sake or purpose of.

役立つ

yakudatsu — To be useful; to serve a purpose; to help.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something; nominalizing or explanatory expression.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to something close.

二つ

futatsu — Two things; a pair; the number two for objects.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle meaning precisely; exactly; indeed this.

合法

gōhō — Legal; lawful; in accordance with established law.

害

gai — Harm; damage; injury; a negative effect on someone.

加える

kuwaeru — To add; to inflict; to apply force or harm.

唯一

yuiitsu — Only; sole; the one and only reason or thing.

理由

riyū — Reason; cause; justification for an action or belief.

あり

ari — There is; to exist (classical or formal form).

我々

wareware — We; us; referring to a group including the speaker.

言う

iu — To say; to speak; to call or refer to something.

刑罰

keibatsu — Punishment; criminal penalty imposed by legal authority.

だ

da — Is; am; are; plain form copula asserting identity.

侵犯

shinpan — Infringement; violation; encroachment upon rights or territory.

によって

ni yotte — By means of; due to; through the agency of.

共通

kyōtsū — Common; shared; mutual; belonging to all parties.

衡平

kōhei — Equity; fairness; impartial balance in judgment or law.

という

to iu — Called; known as; the idea or concept of something.

規則

kisoku — Rule; regulation; established standard of conduct or procedure.

異なる

kotonaru — To differ; to be different; to vary from another.

生きる

ikiru — To live; to be alive; to exist as a being.

宣言

sengen — Declaration; proclamation; formal public announcement of principle.

神

kami — God; deity; divine being; god in religion or mythology.

人々

hitobito — People; persons; individuals; human beings collectively.

相互

sōgo — Mutual; reciprocal; existing between two or more parties.

安全

anzen — Safety; security; being free from danger or harm.

人間

ningen — Human being; person; humanity as a concept.

行為

kōi — Act; action; deed; a deliberate human behavior.

定め

sadame — Rule; decree; fate; something established or determined.

尺度

shakudo — Measure; standard; scale used to evaluate or judge.

人類

jinrui — Humankind; all of humanity; the human race collectively.

とって

totte — For; from the perspective of; in terms of someone.

危険

kiken — Danger; risk; perilous situation threatening safety or wellbeing.

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; presence; the state of existing.

なる

naru — To become; to turn into; to come to be.

傷害

shōgai — Injury; bodily harm; physical damage inflicted on someone.

暴力

bōryoku — Violence; physical force used to harm or intimidate.

守る

mamoru — To protect; to defend; to uphold a rule or bond.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing moral obligation or duty.

絆

kizuna — Bond; tie; connection linking people together emotionally.

彼

kare — He; him; referring to a male person previously mentioned.

軽んじ

karonji — To belittle; to disrespect; to treat as unimportant.

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary suffix for verb conjugation.

断ち切ら

tachikira — To sever; to cut off; to break a bond or tie.

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary suffix indicating action done to subject.