Second Treatise of Government — Page 7
Every one, as he is bound to preserve himself, and not to quit his station wilfully, so by the like reason, when his own preservation comes not in competition, ought he, as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind, and may not, unless it be to do justice on an offender, take away, or impair the life, or what tends to the preservation of the life, the liberty, health, limb, or goods of another.
すべての人は、自己を保存し、みずからの立場を故意に放棄しないよう義務づけられているのと同様の理由により、自己の保存が問題とならない場合には、できる限り他の人類を保存すべきであり、犯罪者に正義を行う場合を除いて、他者の生命、または生命の保存に関わるもの、すなわち自由、健康、身体、あるいは財産を奪い、または損なってはならない。
Sect. 7. And that all men may be restrained from invading others rights, and from doing hurt to one another, and the law of nature be observed, which willeth the peace and preservation of all mankind, the execution of the law of nature is, in that state, put into every man's hands, whereby every one has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such a degree, as may hinder its violation: for the law of nature would, as all other laws that concern men in this world be in vain, if there were no body that in the state of nature had a power to execute that law, and thereby preserve the innocent and restrain offenders.
第七節。すべての人が他者の権利を侵害したり、互いに危害を加えたりすることを抑制され、すべての人類の平和と保存を望む自然法が遵守されるために、自然法の執行はその状態においてすべての人の手に委ねられており、それによってすべての人はその法の違反を妨げるに足る程度において、その法の違反者を罰する権利を有する。なぜなら、自然状態においてその法を執行し、無辜の者を保護し、違反者を抑制する力を持つ者が存在しなければ、自然法も、この世において人間に関わる他のすべての法と同様に、無意味なものとなってしまうからである。
Vocabulary
- すべて
- subete — All, everything, every single one
- の
- no — Possessive or nominalizing particle
- 人
- hito — Person, human being, people
- は
- wa — Topic-marking grammatical particle
- 自己
- jiko — Oneself, the self, one's own person
- を
- wo — Object-marking grammatical particle
- 保存
- hozon — Preservation, conservation, saving oneself or something
- し
- shi — Conjunctive form of suru, meaning 'do and...'
- みずから
- mizukara — By oneself, personally, of one's own accord
- 立場
- tachiba — One's position, standpoint, or situation
- 故意
- koi — Intentional, deliberate, done on purpose
- に
- ni — Direction, time, or purpose particle
- 放棄
- hoki — Abandonment, renunciation, giving something up
- ない
- nai — Negative auxiliary, 'not', negates a verb
- よう
- you — So that, in order to, expressing purpose or manner
- 義務づけ
- gimudzuke — Obligating, making something a duty or requirement
- られ
- rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting clauses sequentially
- いる
- iru — To be, exist; indicates ongoing state or action
- と
- to — Quotation particle or 'and', connecting elements
- 同様
- dōyō — In the same way, similarly, likewise
- 理由
- riyū — Reason, cause, grounds for something
- より
- yori — From, than, by reason of, comparative particle
- が
- ga — Subject-marking grammatical particle
- 問題
- mondai — Problem, issue, question, matter at hand
- なら
- nara — If, in the case that, conditional conjunction
- 場合
- baai — Case, situation, circumstance, occasion
- できる
- dekiru — To be able to, can do, is possible
- 限り
- kagiri — As much as possible, to the extent of, limit
- 他
- hoka — Other, another, the rest, besides
- 人類
- jinrui — Humanity, humankind, the human race
- べき
- beki — Should, ought to, must do something
- で
- de — Copula particle indicating means, place, or state
- あり
- ari — To be, exist; conjunctive form of aru
- 犯罪者
- hanzaisha — Criminal, offender, person who commits crime
- 正義
- seigi — Justice, righteousness, moral correctness
- 行う
- okonau — To carry out, perform, execute an action
- 除い
- nozoi — Excluding, except for, setting aside
- 他者
- tasha — Others, another person, third parties
- 生命
- seimei — Life, living existence, vital force
- または
- mata wa — Or, either...or, alternatively
- 関わる
- kakawaru — To be related to, concern, involve something
- もの
- mono — Thing, object, matter, that which is
- すなわち
- sunawachi — Namely, that is to say, in other words
- 自由
- jiyū — Freedom, liberty, free from constraint
- 健康
- kenkō — Health, being in good physical condition
- 身体
- shintai — Body, physical person, one's bodily form
- あるいは
- arui wa — Or, alternatively, possibly, on the other hand
- 財産
- zaisan — Property, assets, wealth, possessions
- 奪い
- ubai — Taking away, seizing, depriving someone of something
- 損なっ
- sokonatt(e) — Having damaged, impaired, or harmed something
- 第
- dai — Ordinal prefix meaning 'number' or 'the Nth'
- 権利
- kenri — Right, entitlement, legal or moral claim
- 侵害
- shingai — Infringement, violation, encroachment on rights
- たり
- tari — Listing actions alternately; '...and...and...'
- 互い
- tagai — Mutual, each other, reciprocal relationship
- 危害
- kigai — Harm, injury, danger inflicted on someone
- 加え
- kuwae — Adding, inflicting, applying something upon another
- する
- suru — To do, to perform, general-purpose action verb
- こと
- koto — Thing, fact, act; nominalizer for verbs
- 抑制
- yokusei — Restraint, suppression, holding something back
- さ
- sa — Passive or causative suffix; also nominalizer
- れ
- re — Passive auxiliary suffix attached to verbs
- 平和
- heiwa — Peace, harmony, tranquility, absence of conflict
- 望む
- nozomu — To wish for, desire, hope for something
- 自然法
- shizenhō — Natural law, law derived from nature or reason
- 遵守
- junshu — Compliance, observance, abiding by rules
- れる
- reru — Passive or potential verb ending suffix
- ため
- tame — For the sake of, in order to, purpose
- 執行
- shikkō — Execution, enforcement, carrying out a law
- その
- sono — That, those; demonstrative adjective for near listener
- 状態
- jōtai — State, condition, situation, current status
- おい
- oi — In, at; locative contraction of において
- 手
- te — Hand; by extension, means or agency
- 委ね
- yudane — Entrusting, leaving something in another's hands
- おり
- ori — Humble or plain form of iru, being/existing
- それ
- sore — That, it; refers to something previously mentioned
- よっ
- yott(e) — By means of, due to; contraction of によって
- 法
- hō — Law, rule, legal system, method
- 違反
- ihan — Violation, breach, infringement of a rule
- 妨げる
- samatageru — To hinder, obstruct, prevent, impede something
- 足る
- taru — To be sufficient, enough, adequate for a purpose
- 程度
- teido — Degree, extent, level, magnitude of something
- 違反者
- ihansha — Violator, offender, person who breaks rules
- 罰する
- bassuru — To punish, penalize, impose punishment on someone
- 有する
- yūsuru — To possess, have, hold a right or quality
- なぜなら
- nazenara — Because, the reason is, for the reason that
- 自然
- shizen — Nature, natural world, naturalness
- 無辜
- muko — Innocent person, one free of guilt or sin
- 者
- sha / mono — Person, one who does something, individual
- 保護
- hogo — Protection, safeguarding, keeping safe from harm
- 力
- chikara — Power, strength, force, capability
- 持つ
- motsu — To hold, have, possess, carry something
- 存在
- sonzai — Existence, being, presence of something or someone
- なけれ
- nakere — Negative conditional base form of nai, 'if not'
- ば
- ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'
- も
- mo — Also, even, too; inclusive or emphatic particle
- この世
- kono yo — This world, the present life, earthly existence
- 人間
- ningen — Human being, person, humanity in general
- 無意味
- muimi — Meaningless, pointless, without significance or purpose
- な
- na — Adjectival copula suffix for na-adjectives
- なっ
- natt(e) — Became, turned into; te-form of naru
- しまう
- shimau — To end up doing, finishing completely, regrettably
- から
- kara — Because, from, since; reason or origin particle
- ある
- aru — To exist, to be, there is (for inanimate things)
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