Second Treatise of Government — Page 10

English → Pt Book II Level 9/10

Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.

Aqueles que têm o poder supremo de fazer leis na Inglaterra, França ou Holanda, são para um índio, assim como o resto do mundo, homens sem autoridade: e portanto, se pela lei da natureza todo homem não tem o poder de punir ofensas contra ela, como ele julga seriamente que o caso exige, não vejo como os magistrados de qualquer comunidade podem punir um estrangeiro de outro país; já que, em referência a ele, não podem ter mais poder do que o que todo homem naturalmente pode ter sobre outro.

Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.

Seção 10. Além do crime que consiste em violar a lei, e desviar-se da justa regra da razão, pela qual um homem se torna até certo ponto degenerado, e declara abandonar os princípios da natureza humana, e ser uma criatura nociva, comumente há um dano causado a alguma pessoa, e algum outro homem recebe prejuízo por sua transgressão: caso em que aquele que recebeu qualquer dano tem, além do direito de punição que lhe é comum com os outros homens, um direito particular de buscar reparação daquele que o causou: e qualquer outra pessoa, que o julgue justo, pode também unir-se àquele que foi lesado, e auxiliá-lo a recuperar do ofensor tanto quanto possa satisfazer pelo dano que sofreu.

Sect. 11.

Seção 11.

Vocabulary

Aqueles: ah-KEH-lees — Those (people); plural demonstrative pronoun referring to people
que: keh — That, which, who; relative or subordinating conjunction
têm: tãy — They have; third-person plural of 'ter'
o: oh — The; masculine singular definite article
poder: poh-DEHR — Power, authority; also infinitive 'to be able'
supremo: soo-PREH-moo — Supreme, highest in authority or rank
de: deh — Of, from; common preposition indicating origin or belonging
fazer: fah-ZEHR — To make, to do; fundamental action verb
leis: laysh — Laws; plural of 'lei', legal rules or statutes
na: nah — In the; contraction of 'em' and 'a'
Inglaterra: een-glah-TEH-hah — England; country in northwestern Europe
França: FRAHN-sah — France; country in western Europe
ou: oh — Or; coordinating conjunction presenting alternatives
Holanda: oh-LAHN-dah — Holland, the Netherlands; country in western Europe
são: sãw — Are; third-person plural of 'ser' (to be)
para: PAH-rah — For, to, toward; preposition of purpose or direction
um: oong — A, an, one; masculine indefinite article or numeral
índio: EEN-dyoo — Indian; person from India or indigenous American
assim: ah-SEENG — Thus, so, in this way; adverb of manner
como: KOH-moo — As, like, how; conjunction or adverb of comparison
resto: HEH-stoo — Rest, remainder; what is left over
do: doo — Of the; contraction of 'de' and 'o'
mundo: MOON-doo — World; the earth or all of humanity
homens: OH-mãysh — Men; plural of 'homem', adult male humans
sem: sãy — Without; preposition indicating absence or lack
autoridade: ow-toh-ree-DAH-deh — Authority; power or right to give orders
portanto: por-TAHN-too — Therefore, thus; conjunction indicating logical consequence
se: seh — If, oneself; conditional conjunction or reflexive pronoun
pela: PEH-lah — By the, through the; contraction of 'por' and 'a'
lei: lay — Law; rule established by authority or nature
natureza: nah-too-REH-zah — Nature; the natural world or inherent character
todo: TOH-doo — Every, all, whole; adjective of totality
homem: OH-mãy — Man; adult male human being
não: nãw — No, not; primary negation word in Portuguese
tem: Has; third-person singular of 'ter' (to have)
punir: poo-NEER — To punish; to impose a penalty for wrongdoing
ofensas: oh-FEN-sahs — Offenses, wrongs; acts that violate rules or rights
contra: KOHN-trah — Against; preposition indicating opposition or violation
ela: EH-lah — She, it; third-person singular feminine pronoun
ele: EH-leh — He, it; third-person singular masculine pronoun
julga: ZHOOL-gah — Judges, considers; third-person singular of 'julgar'
seriamente: seh-ree-ah-MEN-teh — Seriously; in a grave or earnest manner
caso: KAH-zoo — Case, situation; a particular instance or matter
exige: eh-ZHEE-zheh — Requires, demands; third-person singular of 'exigir'
vejo: VEH-zhoo — I see; first-person singular of 'ver' (to see)
os: oosh — The; masculine plural definite article
magistrados: mah-zhees-TRAH-doosh — Magistrates; judicial or civil officials with authority
qualquer: kwahl-KEHR — Any, whatever; indefinite adjective of generality
comunidade: koh-moo-nee-DAH-deh — Community; a group sharing common location or interests
podem: POH-dãy — Can, are able; third-person plural of 'poder'
estrangeiro: es-trahn-ZHAY-roo — Foreigner, foreign; person from another country
outro: OH-troo — Other, another; adjective indicating a different one
país: pah-EES — Country, nation; sovereign political territory
já: zhah — Already, now; adverb indicating prior completion or immediacy
em: ãy — In, at; preposition of location or state
referência: heh-feh-REN-syah — Reference; relation or connection to something else
a: ah — The, to, at; feminine article or preposition
ter: tehr — To have; fundamental verb of possession or auxiliary use
mais: maysh — More, most; adverb or adjective of greater degree
naturalmente: nah-too-rahl-MEN-teh — Naturally; in accordance with nature or expectation
pode: POH-deh — Can, is able; third-person singular of 'poder'
sobre: SOH-breh — Over, about, on; preposition of position or topic
Seção: seh-SÃOW — Section; a distinct numbered part of a document
Além: ah-LÃYW — Beyond, besides, furthermore; adverb of addition
crime: KREE-meh — Crime; an act violating law and punishable by authority
consiste: kon-SEES-teh — Consists; third-person singular of 'consistir'
violar: vyoh-LAHR — To violate, to break; to transgress a rule or right
desviar-se: desh-vyar-seh — To deviate, to stray; to turn away from a path
justa: ZHOOS-tah — Just, fair; feminine adjective indicating fairness
regra: HEH-grah — Rule; a guiding principle or regulation
razão: hah-ZÃOW — Reason; rational faculty or justification for action
qual: kwahl — Which, that; relative pronoun referring to something
torna: TOR-nah — Makes, turns; third-person singular of 'tornar'
até: ah-TEH — Until, even, up to; preposition or adverb of extent
certo: SEHR-too — Certain, sure, right; adjective of correctness or certainty
ponto: POHN-too — Point, degree, period; a specific level or location
degenerado: deh-zheh-neh-RAH-doo — Degenerate; having declined from a proper moral standard
declara: deh-KLAH-rah — Declares; third-person singular of 'declarar'
abandonar: ah-bahn-doh-NAHR — To abandon, to forsake; to give up something entirely
princípios: preen-SEE-pyoosh — Principles; fundamental truths or guiding moral rules
humana: oo-MAH-nah — Human; feminine adjective relating to humankind
ser: sehr — To be; fundamental verb of existence or identity
uma: OO-mah — A, an, one; feminine indefinite article
criatura: kree-ah-TOO-rah — Creature; a living being, often implying moral character
nociva: noh-SEE-vah — Harmful, noxious; causing damage or danger to others
comumente: koh-moo-MEN-teh — Commonly, usually; in a frequent or general manner
há: ah — There is, there are; third-person singular of 'haver'
dano: DAH-noo — Damage, harm; injury or loss caused to someone
causado: kow-ZAH-doo — Caused; past participle of 'causar', to cause
alguma: ahl-GOO-mah — Some, any; feminine indefinite adjective of quantity
pessoa: peh-SOH-ah — Person; an individual human being
algum: ahl-GOONG — Some, any; masculine indefinite adjective of quantity
recebe: heh-SEH-beh — Receives; third-person singular of 'receber'
prejuízo: preh-zhoo-EE-zoo — Prejudice, loss, harm; damage suffered by a party
por: por — By, for, through; preposition of cause or agency
sua: SOO-ah — His, her, its, your; third-person possessive adjective
transgressão: tranz-greh-SÃOW — Transgression; an act of breaking a law or rule
aquele: ah-KEH-leh — That (one); singular masculine demonstrative pronoun
recebeu: heh-seh-BEW — Received; third-person singular past of 'receber'
além: ah-LÃYW — Besides, beyond; indicating something additional or further
direito: dee-RAY-too — Right, law; entitlement or the field of jurisprudence
punição: poo-nee-SÃOW — Punishment; penalty imposed for a wrongful act
lhe: lyeh — To him, to her, to you; indirect object pronoun
é: eh — Is; third-person singular present of 'ser' (to be)
comum: koh-MOONG — Common, shared; belonging or relating to all parties
com: kong — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or association
outros: OH-troosh — Others; plural masculine pronoun referring to other people
particular: par-tee-koo-LAHR — Particular, private; specific or individual as opposed to general
buscar: boos-KAHR — To seek, to look for; to pursue or search for something
reparação: heh-pah-rah-SÃOW — Reparation, redress; compensation for harm suffered
daquele: dah-KEH-leh — From that, of that; contraction of 'de' and 'aquele'
causou: kow-ZOH — Caused; third-person singular past of 'causar'
outra: OH-trah — Other, another; feminine adjective indicating a different one
julgue: ZHOOL-geh — May judge; subjunctive form of 'julgar'
justo: ZHOOS-too — Just, fair, right; conforming to moral or legal correctness
também: tãm-BÃYW — Also, too; adverb indicating inclusion of another element
unir-se: oo-NEER-seh — To unite, to join together; reflexive form of 'unir'
àquele: ah-KEH-leh — To that one; contraction of 'a' and 'aquele'
foi: foy — Was, went; third-person singular past of 'ser' or 'ir'
lesado: leh-ZAH-doo — Wronged, injured; one who suffered harm or injustice
auxiliá-lo: ow-zee-LYAH-loo — To assist him; infinitive of 'auxiliar' with object pronoun
recuperar: heh-koo-peh-RAHR — To recover, to retrieve; to regain something lost
ofensor: oh-fen-SOHR — Offender; one who commits a wrong or crime
tanto: TAHN-too — So much, as much; adverb or adjective of degree
quanto: KWAHN-too — As much as, how much; comparative quantity conjunction
possa: POH-sah — May be able; subjunctive form of 'poder'
satisfazer: sah-tees-fah-ZEHR — To satisfy, to compensate; to fulfill a need or obligation
pelo: PEH-loo — By the, for the; contraction of 'por' and 'o'
sofreu: soh-FREW — Suffered; third-person singular past of 'sofrer'

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