Second Treatise of Government — Page 10

English → Chinese Book II Level 9/10

Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.

那些在英格兰、法国或荷兰拥有最高立法权力的人，对于一个印第安人来说，与世界上其他人无异，都是没有权威的人：因此，如果按照自然法，每个人都没有权力依照他冷静判断案情所需要的方式来惩罚违反自然法的行为，那我看不出任何社区的行政官员如何能够惩罚另一个国家的外国人；因为对于他而言，他们所能拥有的权力不会超过每个人对他人自然所拥有的权力。

Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.

第十节。除了违反法律、偏离正确理性准则所构成的罪行——由此一个人堕落至此，宣称自己放弃了人类本性的原则，沦为有害之物——之外，通常还会有对某人造成的伤害，以及其他人因其违法行为而蒙受损失：在这种情况下，凡蒙受损失者，除了与其他人共同享有的惩罚权利之外，还拥有向造成损害者寻求赔偿的特定权利；而任何认为此举正当的其他人，也可以与受害者联合，协助他从犯罪者处追回足以弥补其所受伤害的赔偿。

Sect. 11.

第十一节。

Vocabulary

那些: nàxiē — Those; referring to specific people or things mentioned.
在: zài — At, in, on; indicates location or existence.
英格兰: Yīnggélán — England; country in the United Kingdom.
法国: Fǎguó — France; country in Western Europe.
或: huò — Or; indicates an alternative choice.
荷兰: Hélán — The Netherlands; country in Northwestern Europe.
拥有: yōngyǒu — To possess, own, or have something.
最高: zuìgāo — Highest, supreme; greatest in rank or level.
立法: lìfǎ — Legislation; the act of making laws.
权力: quánlì — Power, authority; ability to enforce decisions.
的: de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification.
人: rén — Person, people; human being.
对于: duìyú — Regarding, with respect to; introduces a topic.
一个: yīgè — One; a single item or person.
印第安人: Yìndì'ānrén — Native American Indian person.
来说: láishuō — From the perspective of; as far as concerned.
与: yǔ — And, with; connects nouns or clauses.
世界上: shìjiè shang — In the world; on earth.
其他: qítā — Other, else; different from what is mentioned.
无异: wúyì — No different; identical, the same as.
都是: dōushì — All are; used to indicate universal inclusion.
没有: méiyǒu — Don't have, there is no; negates possession.
权威: quánwēi — Authority, prestige; power commanding obedience.
因此: yīncǐ — Therefore, consequently; indicates logical conclusion.
如果: rúguǒ — If; introduces a conditional clause.
按照: ànzhào — According to, in accordance with; following a rule.
自然法: zìránfǎ — Natural law; moral principles from nature or reason.
每个人: měi gè rén — Everyone, every person; each individual.
都: dōu — All, both; indicates universality or totality.
依照: yīzhào — In accordance with; following a rule or standard.
他: tā — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun.
冷静: lěngjìng — Calm, cool-headed; composed under pressure.
判断: pànduàn — To judge, assess; form an opinion or verdict.
案情: ànqíng — Case details; facts and circumstances of a case.
所: suǒ — Particle indicating the object of a verb phrase.
需要: xūyào — To need, require; have necessity for something.
方式: fāngshì — Method, manner, way of doing something.
来: lái — To come; directional verb indicating purpose or action.
惩罚: chéngfá — To punish; impose a penalty for wrongdoing.
违反: wéifǎn — To violate, break; go against rules or principles.
行为: xíngwéi — Behavior, conduct, action; what a person does.
那: nà — Then, that; connects condition with conclusion.
我: wǒ — I, me; first-person singular pronoun.
看不出: kàn bu chū — Cannot see or discern; fail to understand.
任何: rènhé — Any; used in negative or question contexts.
社区: shèqū — Community; a local group sharing an area.
行政官员: xíngzhèng guānyuán — Administrative official; government officer managing affairs.
如何: rúhé — How; in what way or manner.
能够: nénggòu — To be able to; have the capability to do.
另一个: lìng yīgè — Another one; a different person or thing.
国家: guójiā — Country, nation; sovereign political territory.
外国人: wàiguórén — Foreigner; person from another country.
因为: yīnwèi — Because; introduces reason or cause.
而言: éryán — In terms of; as far as something is concerned.
他们: tāmen — They, them; third-person plural pronoun.
所能: suǒ néng — What one can do; ability within one's power.
不会: bù huì — Will not, cannot; negates ability or likelihood.
超过: chāoguò — To exceed, surpass; go beyond a limit.
对: duì — Toward, to; preposition indicating direction or target.
他人: tārén — Others, other people; persons besides oneself.
自然: zìrán — Nature; natural state; of course, naturally.
第: dì — Ordinal prefix; used before numbers to indicate order.
十: shí — Ten; the number 10.
节: jié — Section, paragraph; a division of written text.
除了: chúle — Besides, except for; excluding something mentioned.
法律: fǎlǜ — Law; system of rules enforced by authority.
偏离: piānlí — To deviate, stray from; diverge from a standard.
正确: zhèngquè — Correct, right, accurate; free from error.
理性: lǐxìng — Reason, rationality; logical thinking and judgment.
准则: zhǔnzé — Principle, norm, standard; rule guiding conduct.
构成: gòuchéng — To constitute, form; make up or amount to.
罪行: zuìxíng — Crime, criminal act; offense against the law.
由此: yóucǐ — From this, hereby; as a result of this.
一个人: yīgè rén — A person, one person; a single individual.
堕落: duòluò — To degenerate, fall morally; sink into corruption.
至此: zhìcǐ — To this point, to such an extent; so far.
宣称: xuānchēng — To claim, declare, announce publicly.
自己: zìjǐ — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the subject.
放弃: fàngqì — To give up, abandon, relinquish something.
了: le — Particle indicating completed action or changed state.
人类: rénlèi — Humanity, humankind; the human species.
本性: běnxìng — Innate nature, natural disposition; one's true character.
原则: yuánzé — Principle; fundamental rule or moral standard.
沦为: lúnwéi — To sink to, degrade into; become something inferior.
有害: yǒuhài — Harmful, detrimental; causing damage or injury.
之: zhī — Classical particle similar to 的; of, linking modifier.
物: wù — Thing, creature, object; a physical entity.
之外: zhīwài — Outside of, beyond, apart from; in addition to.
通常: tōngcháng — Usually, normally, generally; in most cases.
还会: hái huì — Will also; additionally likely to happen.
有: yǒu — To have, there is; indicates existence or possession.
某人: mǒurén — Someone, a certain person; unspecified individual.
造成: zàochéng — To cause, bring about; result in something.
伤害: shānghài — Harm, injury, hurt; damage to person or feelings.
以及: yǐjí — And, as well as; connects items in a list.
其他人: qítā rén — Other people; persons besides those mentioned.
因: yīn — Because of, due to; indicates cause or reason.
其: qí — His, her, its, their; classical third-person pronoun.
违法: wéifǎ — To break the law; act illegally or unlawfully.
而: ér — And, yet, but; connects clauses or contrasts ideas.
蒙受: méngshòu — To suffer, sustain; bear or endure something negative.
损失: sǔnshī — Loss, damage; something lost or taken away.
这种: zhèzhǒng — This kind of, this type of; indicates a category.
情况下: qíngkuàng xià — Under these circumstances; in this situation.
凡: fán — Every, all; whoever meets the stated condition.
者: zhě — Suffix denoting a person or agent performing action.
共同: gòngtóng — Together, jointly, in common; shared by all.
享有: xiǎngyǒu — To enjoy, possess a right or privilege.
权利: quánlì — Right, entitlement; legal or moral claim to something.
还: hái — Still, also, additionally; indicates continuation or addition.
向: xiàng — Toward, to; preposition indicating direction or target.
损害: sǔnhài — Damage, harm; to injure or negatively affect something.
寻求: xúnqiú — To seek, look for; pursue something desired.
赔偿: péicháng — Compensation, indemnity; payment for loss or damage.
特定: tèdìng — Specific, particular; designated for a certain purpose.
认为: rènwéi — To think, believe, consider; hold an opinion.
此举: cǐjǔ — This action, this move; the act just mentioned.
正当: zhèngdàng — Legitimate, justified, proper; conforming to standards.
也: yě — Also, too; indicates inclusion or similarity.
可以: kěyǐ — Can, may; expresses permission or possibility.
受害者: shòuhài zhě — Victim; person who suffers harm or injury.
联合: liánhé — To unite, join together; combine forces or efforts.
协助: xiézhù — To assist, help; provide support in an effort.
从: cóng — From; indicates starting point of action or movement.
犯罪者: fànzuì zhě — Criminal, offender; person who commits a crime.
处: chù — Place; from (someone); at someone's location.
追回: zhuīhuí — To recover, retrieve; get back what was taken.
足以: zúyǐ — Sufficient to, enough to; adequate for a purpose.
弥补: míbǔ — To make up for, compensate; remedy a deficiency.
所受: suǒ shòu — What one has suffered or received; one's losses.
十一: shíyī — Eleven; the number 11.

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