The Confessions of St. Augustine — Page 14

Vocabulary

これ

kore — This; referring to something nearby the speaker.

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence topic.

私たち

watashitachi — We; us; first person plural pronoun.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle linking nouns.

先祖

senzo — Ancestors; forebears; those who came before us.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or agent.

よって

yotte — By means of; by; due to; through the agency of.

正しい

tadashii — Correct; right; proper; morally or factually accurate.

と

to — Quotation particle; and; with; connecting words or clauses.

判断

handan — Judgment; decision; assessment of a situation.

された

sareta — Was done; passive past form of 'suru'.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or cause.

あり

ari — Existence; connective form of 'aru' (to be/exist).

より

yori — More than; from; comparative or starting-point particle.

先

saki — Ahead; before; earlier; the front or future direction.

同じ

onaji — Same; identical; of the same kind or nature.

道

michi — Road; path; way; course of action or life.

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating the direct object.

歩ん

ayun — Walked; stepped along (conjunctive form of 歩む).

だ

da — Copula; informal form of 'desu' meaning 'is/was'.

多く

ooku — Many; a large number or great amount of.

人々

hitobito — People; many individuals; plural form of 'hito'.

が

ga — Subject marker particle; identifies the grammatical subject.

ため

tame — For the sake of; because of; purpose or reason.

疲れ

tsukare — Tiredness; fatigue; weariness from effort or hardship.

果て

hate — End; limit; to be utterly exhausted or finished.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action or state.

切り開い

kirihirai — Cleared; pioneered; blazed a trail through difficulty.

その

sono — That; the; demonstrative adjective modifying a noun.

やむなく

yamuнаku — Unavoidably; reluctantly; having no other choice.

通ら

toora — Pass through; go along (stem form of 通る).

ねば

neba — Must; ought to; conditional negative obligation form.

なら

nara — If; in that case; conditional form implying situation.

ず

zu — Without; negative auxiliary verb in classical Japanese.

子ら

kora — Children; sons and daughters; offspring plural form.

上

ue — Above; on top; upon; upper position or level.

労苦

rōku — Toil; hardship; laborious suffering and hard work.

悲しみ

kanashimi — Sadness; grief; deep sorrow or emotional pain.

積み重なっ

tsumikasanatt — Piled up; accumulated; layers of things built up.

しかし

shikashi — However; but; nevertheless; introduces a contrasting statement.

主

Shu — Lord; master; God; supreme being or ruler.

よ

yo — Sentence-final particle expressing appeal or emphasis.

あなた

anata — You; second person pronoun in polite speech.

呼びかけ

yobikake — Call out to; appeal to; address someone directly.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or causal actions.

いる

iru — To be; to exist; indicates ongoing or present state.

知り

shiri — Knowing; come to know (stem form of 知る).

彼ら

karera — They; them; third person plural pronoun (mainly male).

から

kara — From; since; because; starting point particle.

学ん

manan — Learned; studied (conjunctive form of 学ぶ).

力

chikara — Power; strength; ability; force of body or spirit.

及ぶ

oyobu — To reach; extend to; amount to; come up to.

限り

kagiri — Limit; as far as; to the extent of something.

感覚

kankaku — Sense; feeling; perception; sensory awareness or intuition.

隠れ

kakure — Hidden; concealed; to hide oneself from sight.

おら

ora — Humble or dialectal form of 'iru' (to be present).

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary; can be/is done.

けれども

keredomo — Although; however; but; concessive conjunction.

声

koe — Voice; sound produced by speaking or calling out.

聞き

kiki — Hearing; listening (stem form of 聞く).

助け

tasuke — Help; aid; rescue; assistance given to someone.

くださる

kudasaru — To give; to do for me (honorific benefactive verb).

偉大

idai — Great; magnificent; grand; of outstanding importance.

な

na — Adjectival copula linking na-adjectives to nouns.

方

kata — Person; honorific way to refer to someone.

として

toshite — As; in the capacity of; in the role of.

思い描く

omoiegaku — To picture; to envision; to imagine something vividly.

よう

yō — So that; in such a way; manner or appearance.

なり

nari — Became; connective past form of なる (to become).

まし

mashi — Polite past auxiliary; forms polite past tense.

こう

kō — This way; thus; in this manner.

して

shite — Doing; and then; conjunctive form of する.

私

watashi — I; me; first person singular pronoun.

少年

shōnen — Boy; youth; young male in early adolescence.

ころ

koro — Time; around; when; approximate period of life.

避け所

sakesho — Refuge; shelter; a place of safety or escape.

ある

aru — To exist; to have; there is (for inanimate things).

祈り

inori — Prayer; supplication; earnest plea to a deity.

始め

hajime — Beginning; start; to begin doing something.

舌

shita — Tongue; the organ of speech and taste.

縛め

shibame — Binding; restraint; fetters that restrict movement or speech.

解い

toi — Untied; released; loosened (conjunctive form of 解く).

呼び求め

yobimotome — Called out seeking; cried out earnestly for help.

幼い

osanai — Young; infant; very small or immature child.

身

mi — Body; oneself; one's personal situation or condition.

ながら

nagara — While; even though; despite being in a state.

も

mo — Also; too; even; additive or inclusive particle.

学校

gakkō — School; educational institution for students.

打た

urata — Struck; hit (passive stem form of 打つ).

ない

nai — Not; negative form; does not exist or occur.

決して

kesshite — Never; by no means; absolutely not (with negative).

小さく

chiisakу — Smallly; in a small way; adverbial form of 小さい.

真剣

shinken — Serious; earnest; sincere; treating something with gravity.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into nouns.

もっ

mott — Having; holding; carrying (conjunctive form of 持つ).

聞き届け

kikitodoke — Granted; heard and accepted a request or prayer.

くださら

kudasara — Did not give/do (negative stem of くださる).

なかっ

nakatt — Was not; negative past auxiliary (stem of なかった).

とき

toki — Time; moment; when; a particular point or occasion.

それ

sore — That; that thing; referring to something near listener.

愚か

oroka — Foolish; stupid; lacking wisdom or good judgment.

委ね

yudane — Entrusted; left in someone's care; yielded control.

られ

rare — Passive/potential auxiliary; can do or is done to.

ませ

mase — Polite imperative or auxiliary in formal speech.

ん

n — Informal negative or nominalizing colloquial particle.

でし

deshi — Polite past stem of desu (formal auxiliary copula).

年長者

nenchōsha — Elders; older persons; those senior in age or rank.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix indicating a group of people.

そして

soshite — And then; and; furthermore; continuing conjunction.

悪く

waruku — Badly; poorly; adverbial form of 悪い (bad).

思っ

omott — Thought; felt (conjunctive past form of 思う).

い

i — Conjunctive or colloquial form of いる or い-adjective.

両親

ryōshin — Parents; both mother and father together.

さえ

sae — Even; as long as; even so (emphatic particle).

打ち傷

uchikizu — Bruise; wound from being struck or beaten.

当時

tōji — At that time; back then; in those days.

とっ

tott — For; regarding (conjunctive form of とる or とって).

大きく

ōkiku — Greatly; largely; adverbial form of 大きい (big).

苦しい

kurushii — Painful; agonizing; difficult to endure suffering.

痛み

itami — Pain; ache; physical or emotional hurt or anguish.

嘲り

azakeri — Mockery; ridicule; scornful laughter aimed at someone.

これほど

korehodo — This much; to this extent; so greatly as this.

強い

tsuyoi — Strong; powerful; intense; robust in force or will.

愛着

aichaku — Attachment; affection; deep emotional bond to something.

すがりつく

sugaritsuku — To cling to; to hold on desperately for support.

ほど

hodo — To the extent that; as much as; degree particle.

魂

tamashii — Soul; spirit; the inner essence of a person.

持つ

motsu — To have; to hold; to possess; to carry something.

者

mono — Person; one who; someone possessing a quality.

でしょう

deshō — Probably; right?; polite speculative or tag question.

か

ka — Question marker particle ending an interrogative sentence.

種

shu — Kind; type; species; variety or category of thing.

鈍感

donkan — Insensitive; dull; unresponsive to feelings or stimuli.

よっ

yott — By means of; through (colloquial form of よって).

可能

kanō — Possible; feasible; capable of being done or achieved.

なる

naru — To become; to come to be a new state.

ます

masu — Polite verb ending indicating formal present or future.

敬虔

keiken — Piety; devoutness; sincere reverence and religious devotion.

あらゆる

arayuru — All; every; every possible kind of thing.

地

chi — Earth; ground; land; the physical surface or region.

おい

oi — In; at; upon (classical locative form of において).

極度

kyokudo — Extreme degree; utmost; to the maximum extent possible.

恐れ

osore — Fear; dread; awe; feeling of terror or reverence.

呼び求める

yobimotomeru — To cry out for; to call earnestly seeking help.

拷問台

gōmondai — Torture rack; platform or device used for torturing.

や

ya — And; listing particle connecting two or more nouns.

鉤

kagi — Hook; curved implement used for catching or holding.

その他

sonota — Other; the rest; in addition to what was mentioned.

責め苦

semeku — Torment; torture; intense suffering inflicted as punishment.

それら

sorera — Those; plural demonstrative pronoun for distant things.

最も

mottomo — Most; extremely; superlative degree adverb in Japanese.

激しく

hageshiku — Intensely; violently; fiercely; adverbial form of 激しい.

恐れる

osoreru — To fear; to be afraid of; to dread something.

時代

jidai — Era; age; period of history or time in life.

師

shi — Teacher; master; mentor; one who imparts knowledge.

受け

uke — Receiving; accepting (stem form of 受ける).

苦しみ

kurushimi — Suffering; agony; intense pain of body or spirit.

親

oya — Parent; mother or father; one's own parent.

嘲っ

azakert — Mocked; ridiculed (conjunctive past form of 嘲る).

軽んじ

karonji — Looked down on; belittled; treated with contempt.

られる

rareru — Passive or potential auxiliary indicating receiving an action.

霊

rei — Spirit; soul; spiritual being or divine presence.

与え

atae — Giving; providing (stem form of 与える).

果たし

hatashi — Accomplished; fulfilled; carried out to completion.