The Prince — Page 12

Vocabulary

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the subject of discussion.

へ

e — Directional particle meaning 'to' or 'toward'.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle meaning 'of' or 'belonging to'.

手紙

tegami — A letter; written correspondence sent to someone.

を

o — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object of a verb.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to something nearby.

よう

yō — Manner or way; used to describe how something is done.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, time, or manner.

締めくくっ

shimekukut(te) — To conclude or wrap up; bring something to a close.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or related actions.

いる

iru — To be; indicates ongoing or resultant state of action.

小さな

chiisana — Small; little; used attributively before a noun.

もの

mono — Thing; object; person; abstract or concrete entity.

彼

kare — He; third-person masculine singular pronoun.

著書

chosho — A written work; book authored by a specific person.

について

ni tsuite — About; concerning; regarding a particular topic.

いえ

ie — To say; speak about; conditional base form here.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'.

読ま

yoma — To read; base form before passive or negative conjugation.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary verb marker attached to verb stem.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action or state.

暁

akatsuki — Dawn; daybreak; also metaphorically 'the time when'.

私

watashi — I; first-person singular pronoun in Japanese.

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the grammatical subject.

国家

kokka — State; nation; a sovereign political entity or country.

統治

tōchi — Governance; rule; the act of governing a state.

研究

kenkyū — Research; study; systematic investigation of a subject.

費やし

tsuiyashi — To spend; devote time or resources to something.

十五

jūgo — Fifteen; the number 15.

年間

nenkan — A period of years; span of time measured in years.

眠り

nemuri — Sleep; slumber; the state of being asleep.

も

mo — Also; even; too; additive or inclusive particle.

せ

se — Causative or negative auxiliary verb stem form.

ず

zu — Negative auxiliary meaning 'without doing' or 'not doing'.

怠け

namake — To be lazy; idle; neglect one's duties or work.

し

shi — Conjunctive verb ending listing reasons or actions.

なかっ

nakat(ta) — Did not; negative past auxiliary verb form.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into noun phrases.

分かる

wakaru — To understand; to become clear or known.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or reason.

あろ

aro — Volitional form of 'aru'; probably is; I suppose it is.

う

u — Volitional auxiliary expressing conjecture or intention.

そして

soshite — And then; furthermore; connecting two related statements.

人

hito — Person; human being; people in general.

常

tsune — Always; constantly; at all times; the usual state.

他者

tasha — Others; other people; persons besides oneself.

犠牲

gisei — Sacrifice; offering up something valuable for another's benefit.

よっ

yot(te) — By means of; through; due to (contracted form of よって).

経験

keiken — Experience; knowledge or skill gained through practice.

積ん

tsun(de) — To accumulate; stack up; build up experience or knowledge.

だ

da — Copula; plain form of 'is'; indicates assertion or state.

者

mono / sha — Person; one who does something; a particular individual.

仕え

tsukae — To serve; work under someone in a subordinate capacity.

もらう

morau — To receive; have someone do something for you.

望む

nozomu — To wish; desire; hope for something earnestly.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing moral obligation or expectation.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; copular or existential verb.

また

mata — Also; again; furthermore; in addition to the above.

誠実

seijitsu — Sincerity; honesty; faithful and genuine in conduct.

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives; also a casual sentence particle.

疑う

utagau — To doubt; suspect; question the truth of something.

い

i — Adjective or verb stem; part of 'ない' (not exist).

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not; is not; nonexistent.

はず

hazu — Should be; supposed to be; reasonable expectation.

なぜなら

nazenara — Because; the reason being; introducing an explanation.

守っ

mamot(te) — To protect; keep; uphold a promise or principle.

き

ki — Past auxiliary (literary); came to; has done (archaic form).

ゆえ

yue — Because; therefore; reason; cause (literary/formal usage).

今さら

imasara — At this point; now of all times; too late to change.

それ

sore — That; pronoun referring to something previously mentioned.

破る

yaburu — To break; violate; tear apart a rule or promise.

術

jutsu — Art; technique; skill; a method or craft.

学ぶ

manabu — To learn; study; acquire knowledge or skills.

でき

deki — Can; able to; potential form stem of する (to do).

から

kara — Because; from; since; indicating reason or starting point.

正直

shōjiki — Honest; straightforward; truthful in character or conduct.

あっ

at(te) — To be; exist (conjunctive form); having been (formal).

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to something nearby.

本性

honshō — True nature; inherent character; one's fundamental disposition.

変える

kaeru — To change; alter; transform something into a different state.

貧し

mazushi — Poor; impoverished; lacking material wealth or resources.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle stressing the preceding word or phrase.

証人

shōnin — Witness; one who testifies or provides proof of something.

書き終える

kakioeru — To finish writing; complete the writing of a work.

前

mae — Before; in front of; prior to a time or event.

第一

daiichi — First; number one; the first in a series or rank.

十年間

jūnenkan — A period of ten years; a decade-long span of time.

ついて

tsuite — About; concerning; regarding a subject or topic.

論考

ronkō — A treatise; essay; scholarly examination of a subject.

書き始め

kakihajime — To begin writing; start the composition of a text.

作品

sakuhin — Work; piece; a creative or literary production.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle; connecting nouns or clauses.

並行

heikō — Parallel; simultaneous progress of two things together.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix added to stems.

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative pronoun for nearby things.

いくつ

ikutsu — How many; several; an unspecified small number of things.

か

ka — Question particle; or; some; indicates uncertainty or query.

小品

shōhin — Minor work; short piece; a small literary or artistic creation.

年

nen — Year; counter for years in time expressions.

まで

made — Until; up to; as far as a point in time or space.

時間

jikan — Time; hours; a period or duration of time.

占め

shime — To occupy; take up; fill a share of time or space.

おける

okeru — In; at; pertaining to a place or situation (formal).

商人

shōnin — Merchant; trader; a person engaged in commerce.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people; indicating a group of persons.

業務

gyōmu — Business affairs; duties; official or commercial operations.

処理

shori — Processing; handling; dealing with tasks or matters.

する

suru — To do; perform; carry out an action or task.

いう

iu — To say; called; named; used in explanatory expressions.

委託

itaku — Entrustment; commission; delegating a task to another.

引き受け

hikiuke — To undertake; accept a commission or responsibility.

家

ke / ie — Family; house; household; dynastic family name suffix.

支配者

shihaisha — Ruler; governor; one who holds power over others.

市民

shimin — Citizens; townspeople; members of a civic community.

に対して

ni taishite — Toward; against; with respect to a person or group.

政治的

seijiteki — Political; relating to politics or governance matters.

譲歩

jōho — Concession; compromise; yielding ground to another party.

行い

okonai — Conduct; action; deed; carrying out a specific act.

他

hoka — Other; another; besides; additional things or people.

とも

tomo — Both; together with; even if; inclusive particle.

大

dai / ō — Great; large; grand; prefix indicating large scale.

評議会

hyōgikai — Council; deliberative assembly; governing body for discussion.

復活

fukkatsu — Revival; resurrection; restoration of something previously ended.

新しい

atarashii — New; fresh; recently made or not previously existing.

憲法

kenpō — Constitution; fundamental law governing a state or organization.

諮問

shimon — Inquiry; consultation; formal request for advice or opinion.

受け

uke — To receive; accept; undergo (stem form of 受ける).

しかし

shikashi — However; but; nevertheless; introducing a contrasting statement.

あれ

are — That (over there); pronoun for distant object or topic.

これ

kore — This; pronoun referring to something close to the speaker.

口実

kōjitsu — Pretext; excuse; a false reason given to justify action.

もと

moto — Under; basis; origin; beneath a pretext or condition.

公布

kōfu — Promulgation; official public announcement of a law.