The Republic — Page 12
Or, described in Christian language, the kingdom of God is within, and yet developes into a Church or external kingdom; 'the house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens,' is reduced to the proportions of an earthly building.
Oder, in christlicher Sprache ausgedrückt, das Reich Gottes ist inwendig und entwickelt sich dennoch zu einer Kirche oder einem äußeren Reich; 'das Haus, nicht mit Händen gemacht, ewig in den Himmeln,' wird auf die Proportionen eines irdischen Gebäudes reduziert.
Or, to use a Platonic image, justice and the State are the warp and the woof which run through the whole texture.
Oder, um ein platonisches Bild zu verwenden, sind Gerechtigkeit und der Staat die Kette und der Schuss, die durch das gesamte Gewebe laufen.
And when the constitution of the State is completed, the conception of justice is not dismissed, but reappears under the same or different names throughout the work, both as the inner law of the individual soul, and finally as the principle of rewards and punishments in another life.
Und wenn die Verfassung des Staates vollendet ist, wird der Begriff der Gerechtigkeit nicht verabschiedet, sondern erscheint unter demselben oder verschiedenen Namen im gesamten Werk wieder, sowohl als inneres Gesetz der individuellen Seele als auch schließlich als Prinzip von Belohnungen und Strafen in einem anderen Leben.
The virtues are based on justice, of which common honesty in buying and selling is the shadow, and justice is based on the idea of good, which is the harmony of the world, and is reflected both in the institutions of states and in motions of the heavenly bodies (cp. Tim. 47).
Die Tugenden gründen sich auf Gerechtigkeit, deren Schatten die gewöhnliche Ehrlichkeit beim Kaufen und Verkaufen ist, und die Gerechtigkeit gründet sich auf die Idee des Guten, welche die Harmonie der Welt ist und sich sowohl in den Institutionen der Staaten als auch in den Bewegungen der Himmelskörper widerspiegelt (vgl. Tim. 47).
The Timaeus, which takes up the political rather than the ethical side of the Republic, and is chiefly occupied with hypotheses concerning the outward world, yet contains many indications that the same law is supposed to reign over the State, over nature, and over man.
Der Timaios, der eher die politische als die ethische Seite der Republik aufgreift und hauptsächlich mit Hypothesen über die äußere Welt beschäftigt ist, enthält dennoch viele Hinweise darauf, dass dasselbe Gesetz über den Staat, über die Natur und über den Menschen herrschen soll.
Too much, however, has been made of this question both in ancient and modern times.
Jedoch wurde diese Frage sowohl in der Antike als auch in der Neuzeit zu sehr aufgebauscht.
There is a stage of criticism in which all works, whether of nature or of art, are referred to design.
Es gibt eine Stufe der Kritik, in der alle Werke, ob der Natur oder der Kunst, auf ein zugrunde liegendes Konzept zurückgeführt werden.
Vocabulary
- Oder
- Conjunction meaning 'or', connecting alternatives
- in
- Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into'
- christlicher
- Adjective meaning 'Christian', relating to Christianity
- Sprache
- Noun meaning 'language' or 'speech'
- ausgedrückt
- Past participle of 'ausdrücken', meaning 'expressed'
- das
- Definite article or pronoun meaning 'the' or 'that'
- Reich
- Noun meaning 'kingdom', 'empire', or 'realm'
- Gottes
- Genitive form of 'Gott', meaning 'of God'
- ist
- Third-person singular of 'sein', meaning 'is'
- inwendig
- Adjective/adverb meaning 'inward' or 'internal'
- und
- Conjunction meaning 'and'
- entwickelt
- Verb meaning 'develops' or 'evolves'
- sich
- Reflexive pronoun meaning 'itself' or 'oneself'
- dennoch
- Adverb meaning 'nevertheless' or 'yet'
- zu
- Preposition or particle meaning 'to' or 'toward'
- einer
- Indefinite article (dative/genitive feminine) meaning 'a'
- Kirche
- Noun meaning 'church', a Christian place of worship
- oder
- Conjunction meaning 'or', connecting alternatives
- einem
- Indefinite article (dative) meaning 'a' or 'an'
- äußeren
- Adjective meaning 'outer' or 'external'
- Haus
- Noun meaning 'house' or 'building'
- nicht
- Negation particle meaning 'not'
- mit
- Preposition meaning 'with'
- Händen
- Plural dative of 'Hand', meaning 'hands'
- gemacht
- Past participle of 'machen', meaning 'made'
- ewig
- Adjective meaning 'eternal' or 'everlasting'
- den
- Definite article (dative plural or accusative masculine)
- Himmeln
- Dative plural of 'Himmel', meaning 'in the heavens'
- wird
- Auxiliary verb meaning 'will' or 'becomes'
- auf
- Preposition meaning 'on', 'onto', or 'upon'
- die
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine/plural)
- Proportionen
- Plural noun meaning 'proportions' or 'dimensions'
- eines
- Indefinite article (genitive) meaning 'of a'
- irdischen
- Adjective meaning 'earthly' or 'terrestrial'
- Gebäudes
- Genitive of 'Gebäude', meaning 'of a building'
- reduziert
- Verb meaning 'reduced' or 'scaled down'
- um
- Preposition/conjunction meaning 'in order to' or 'around'
- ein
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'
- platonisches
- Adjective meaning 'Platonic', relating to Plato's philosophy
- Bild
- Noun meaning 'image', 'picture', or 'metaphor'
- verwenden
- Verb meaning 'to use' or 'to employ'
- sind
- Third-person plural of 'sein', meaning 'are'
- Gerechtigkeit
- Noun meaning 'justice' or 'righteousness'
- der
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine/genitive)
- Staat
- Noun meaning 'state' or 'nation'
- Kette
- Noun meaning 'chain' or 'warp thread in weaving'
- Schuss
- Noun meaning 'weft thread' in weaving, or 'shot'
- durch
- Preposition meaning 'through' or 'throughout'
- gesamte
- Adjective meaning 'entire' or 'whole'
- Gewebe
- Noun meaning 'fabric', 'tissue', or 'web'
- laufen
- Verb meaning 'to run' or 'to run through'
- Und
- Conjunction meaning 'and'
- wenn
- Conjunction meaning 'when' or 'if'
- Verfassung
- Noun meaning 'constitution' or 'condition'
- des
- Genitive definite article meaning 'of the'
- Staates
- Genitive of 'Staat', meaning 'of the state'
- vollendet
- Adjective/verb meaning 'completed' or 'perfected'
- Begriff
- Noun meaning 'concept', 'term', or 'notion'
- verabschiedet
- Verb meaning 'adopted', 'passed', or 'dismissed'
- sondern
- Conjunction meaning 'but rather' or 'instead'
- erscheint
- Verb meaning 'appears' or 'seems'
- unter
- Preposition meaning 'under' or 'among'
- demselben
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'
- verschiedenen
- Adjective meaning 'various' or 'different'
- Namen
- Plural/dative of 'Name', meaning 'names'
- im
- Contraction of 'in dem', meaning 'in the'
- gesamten
- Adjective (declined) meaning 'entire' or 'whole'
- Werk
- Noun meaning 'work', 'opus', or 'literary work'
- wieder
- Adverb meaning 'again' or 'once more'
- sowohl
- Conjunction used in 'sowohl...als auch', meaning 'both...and'
- als
- Conjunction meaning 'as' or 'than'
- inneres
- Adjective meaning 'inner' or 'internal'
- Gesetz
- Noun meaning 'law' or 'rule'
- individuellen
- Adjective meaning 'individual' or 'personal'
- Seele
- Noun meaning 'soul' or 'spirit'
- auch
- Adverb meaning 'also' or 'too'
- schließlich
- Adverb meaning 'finally' or 'ultimately'
- Prinzip
- Noun meaning 'principle' or 'fundamental rule'
- von
- Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'by'
- Belohnungen
- Plural of 'Belohnung', meaning 'rewards'
- Strafen
- Plural of 'Strafe', meaning 'punishments' or 'penalties'
- anderen
- Adjective/pronoun meaning 'other' or 'another'
- Leben
- Noun meaning 'life' or 'existence'
- Die
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine/plural)
- Tugenden
- Plural of 'Tugend', meaning 'virtues'
- gründen
- Verb meaning 'to found', 'to base', or 'to establish'
- deren
- Relative/genitive pronoun meaning 'whose' or 'of which'
- Schatten
- Noun meaning 'shadow' or 'shade'
- gewöhnliche
- Adjective meaning 'ordinary' or 'common'
- Ehrlichkeit
- Noun meaning 'honesty' or 'integrity'
- beim
- Contraction of 'bei dem', meaning 'at the' or 'during'
- Kaufen
- Verbal noun meaning 'buying' or 'purchasing'
- Verkaufen
- Verbal noun meaning 'selling'
- gründet
- Third-person singular of 'gründen', meaning 'is based on'
- Idee
- Noun meaning 'idea' or 'Platonic Form'
- Guten
- Genitive of 'das Gute', meaning 'of the Good'
- welche
- Relative pronoun meaning 'which' or 'that'
- Harmonie
- Noun meaning 'harmony' or 'accord'
- Welt
- Noun meaning 'world' or 'universe'
- Institutionen
- Plural of 'Institution', meaning 'institutions'
- Staaten
- Plural of 'Staat', meaning 'states' or 'nations'
- Bewegungen
- Plural of 'Bewegung', meaning 'movements' or 'motions'
- Himmelskörper
- Noun meaning 'celestial bodies' or 'heavenly bodies'
- widerspiegelt
- Verb meaning 'reflects' or 'mirrors'
- vgl
- Abbreviation for 'vergleiche', meaning 'compare' or 'cf.'
- Der
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine nominative)
- eher
- Adverb meaning 'rather' or 'more likely'
- politische
- Adjective meaning 'political'
- ethische
- Adjective meaning 'ethical' or 'moral'
- Seite
- Noun meaning 'side', 'aspect', or 'page'
- Republik
- Noun meaning 'republic', also Plato's philosophical work
- aufgreift
- Verb meaning 'picks up', 'takes up', or 'addresses'
- hauptsächlich
- Adverb meaning 'mainly' or 'primarily'
- Hypothesen
- Plural of 'Hypothese', meaning 'hypotheses'
- über
- Preposition meaning 'about', 'over', or 'concerning'
- äußere
- Adjective meaning 'outer' or 'external'
- beschäftigt
- Verb meaning 'occupies', 'concerns', or 'is busy with'
- enthält
- Verb meaning 'contains' or 'includes'
- viele
- Adjective meaning 'many' or 'numerous'
- Hinweise
- Plural of 'Hinweis', meaning 'hints' or 'references'
- darauf
- Adverb meaning 'on it', 'to that', or 'thereof'
- dass
- Conjunction meaning 'that' (introducing subordinate clause)
- dasselbe
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same thing'
- Natur
- Noun meaning 'nature' or 'natural character'
- Menschen
- Noun meaning 'people', 'humans', or 'human beings'
- herrschen
- Verb meaning 'to rule' or 'to prevail'
- soll
- Modal verb meaning 'should' or 'is supposed to'
- Jedoch
- Adverb/conjunction meaning 'however' or 'nevertheless'
- wurde
- Past tense of 'werden', meaning 'was' or 'became'
- diese
- Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' or 'these'
- Frage
- Noun meaning 'question' or 'issue'
- Antike
- Noun meaning 'antiquity' or 'the ancient world'
- Neuzeit
- Noun meaning 'modern era' or 'early modern period'
- sehr
- Adverb meaning 'very' or 'greatly'
- aufgebauscht
- Adjective meaning 'exaggerated' or 'inflated'
- Es
- Pronoun meaning 'it' (neuter subject pronoun)
- gibt
- Verb in 'es gibt', meaning 'there is/are'
- eine
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' (feminine)
- Stufe
- Noun meaning 'level', 'stage', or 'step'
- Kritik
- Noun meaning 'criticism' or 'critique'
- alle
- Adjective meaning 'all' or 'every'
- Werke
- Plural of 'Werk', meaning 'works' or 'compositions'
- ob
- Conjunction meaning 'whether' or 'if'
- Kunst
- Noun meaning 'art' or 'skill'
- zugrunde
- Part of 'zugrunde liegen', meaning 'underlying' or 'fundamental'
- liegendes
- Participle of 'liegen', here meaning 'underlying'
- Konzept
- Noun meaning 'concept' or 'underlying plan'
- zurückgeführt
- Past participle meaning 'traced back' or 'attributed to'
- werden
- Auxiliary verb meaning 'to become' or future marker
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