The Republic — Page 6
And many of the latest conceptions of modern thinkers and statesmen, such as the unity of knowledge, the reign of law, and the equality of the sexes, have been anticipated in a dream by him.
Y muchas de las concepciones más recientes de pensadores y estadistas modernos, tales como la unidad del conocimiento, el imperio de la ley y la igualdad de los sexos, fueron anticipadas en sueños por él.
The argument of the Republic is the search after Justice, the nature of which is first hinted at by Cephalus, the just and blameless old man—then discussed on the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and Polemarchus—then caricatured by Thrasymachus and partially explained by Socrates—reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus, and having become invisible in the individual reappears at length in the ideal State which is constructed by Socrates.
El argumento de la República es la búsqueda de la Justicia, cuya naturaleza es insinuada en primer lugar por Céfalo, el anciano justo e irreprochable, luego debatida sobre la base de la moralidad proverbial por Sócrates y Polemarco, luego caricaturizada por Trasímaco y explicada parcialmente por Sócrates, reducida a una abstracción por Glaucón y Adimanto, y habiendo quedado invisible en el individuo, reaparece finalmente en el Estado ideal que construye Sócrates.
The first care of the rulers is to be education, of which an outline is drawn after the old Hellenic model, providing only for an improved religion and morality, and more simplicity in music and gymnastic, a manlier strain of poetry, and greater harmony of the individual and the State.
La primera preocupación de los gobernantes ha de ser la educación, de la cual se traza un esquema siguiendo el antiguo modelo helénico, contemplando únicamente una religión y una moralidad mejoradas, mayor sencillez en la música y la gimnasia, un tono más viril en la poesía y una mayor armonía entre el individuo y el Estado.
We are thus led on to the conception of a higher State, in which 'no man calls anything his own,' and in which there is neither 'marrying nor giving in marriage,' and 'kings are philosophers' and 'philosophers are kings;' and there is another and higher education, intellectual as well as moral and religious, of science as well as of art, and not of youth only but of the whole of life.
Somos conducidos así a la concepción de un Estado superior, en el que 'nadie llama nada suyo', y en el que no hay ni 'casarse ni dar en matrimonio', y 'los reyes son filósofos' y 'los filósofos son reyes'; y existe otra educación más elevada, intelectual además de moral y religiosa, de la ciencia además del arte, y no solo de la juventud sino de toda la vida.
Such a State is hardly to be realized in this world and quickly degenerates.
Semejante Estado difícilmente puede realizarse en este mundo y se degenera con rapidez.
Vocabulary
- muchas
- Many; a large number of something
- concepciones
- Conceptions; ideas or ways of understanding something
- recientes
- Recent; happening or appearing not long ago
- pensadores
- Thinkers; people who engage in deep intellectual thought
- estadistas
- Statesmen; experienced and respected political leaders
- modernos
- Modern; relating to the present or recent times
- tales
- Such; of the kind previously mentioned
- unidad
- Unity; the state of being joined as a whole
- conocimiento
- Knowledge; information and understanding acquired through experience
- imperio
- Empire; dominion or supreme rule over something
- ley
- Law; a rule enforced by authority or custom
- igualdad
- Equality; the state of being equal in rights
- sexos
- Sexes; the two categories of male and female
- fueron
- Were; past tense of ser, third person plural
- anticipadas
- Anticipated; foreseen or expected before they occurred
- sueños
- Dreams; images or ideas occurring during sleep
- argumento
- Argument; reasoning or main theme of a work
- República
- Republic; a state governed by elected representatives
- búsqueda
- Search; an act of looking for something carefully
- Justicia
- Justice; fairness and moral rightness in behavior
- cuya
- Whose; relative possessive pronoun referring to something
- naturaleza
- Nature; the essential qualities or character of something
- insinuada
- Hinted; suggested indirectly or subtly introduced
- lugar
- Place; a particular position or location
- anciano
- Elderly man; an old person, especially male
- justo
- Just, fair; acting according to what is right
- irreprochable
- Irreproachable; beyond criticism or reproach in conduct
- luego
- Then, later; indicates a subsequent action or time
- debatida
- Debated; discussed or argued from multiple perspectives
- base
- Basis, foundation; the underlying support for something
- moralidad
- Morality; principles concerning right and wrong behavior
- proverbial
- Proverbial; widely known and referred to as a proverb
- caricaturizada
- Caricatured; exaggerated or distorted for comic or critical effect
- explicada
- Explained; made clear or understandable through description
- parcialmente
- Partially; in part, not completely or fully
- reducida
- Reduced; diminished or brought down to simpler form
- abstracción
- Abstraction; a concept considered apart from concrete reality
- habiendo
- Having; gerund of haber, used in perfect constructions
- quedado
- Remained, stayed; past participle of quedar
- invisible
- Invisible; unable to be seen or perceived
- individuo
- Individual; a single person considered separately from others
- reaparece
- Reappears; comes back into view or consideration
- finalmente
- Finally; at the end or after a long time
- Estado
- State; an organized political community under government
- ideal
- Ideal; a perfect standard or model to aspire to
- construye
- Constructs, builds; third person singular present of construir
- preocupación
- Concern, worry; a matter causing anxiety or attention
- gobernantes
- Rulers, governors; those who hold governing authority
- ser
- To be; infinitive indicating permanent states or identity
- educación
- Education; the process of teaching and learning knowledge
- cual
- Which; relative pronoun referring to previously mentioned thing
- traza
- Traces, outlines; draws or sketches a plan or scheme
- esquema
- Scheme, outline; a structured plan or diagram
- siguiendo
- Following; gerund of seguir, continuing along a path
- antiguo
- Ancient, old; existing or occurring long ago
- modelo
- Model; a standard or example to follow or imitate
- helénico
- Hellenic; relating to ancient Greek culture and civilization
- contemplando
- Contemplating; considering or including within a plan
- únicamente
- Only, solely; exclusively and nothing else
- religión
- Religion; a system of faith and worship practices
- mejoradas
- Improved; made better in quality or condition
- mayor
- Greater, larger; of higher degree or importance
- sencillez
- Simplicity; the quality of being plain and uncomplicated
- música
- Music; the art of combining sounds in pleasing ways
- gimnasia
- Gymnastics; physical exercises for bodily strength and discipline
- tono
- Tone; a quality of sound, color, or character
- viril
- Virile; having strength and vigor associated with masculinity
- poesía
- Poetry; literary art using rhythmic and expressive language
- armonía
- Harmony; a pleasing combination of elements working together
- Somos
- We are; first person plural present of ser
- conducidos
- Led, guided; directed or brought toward something
- así
- Thus, so; in this way or manner
- concepción
- Conception; a mental image or abstract idea formed
- superior
- Superior; higher in rank, quality, or degree
- nadie
- Nobody, no one; not any person at all
- llama
- Calls; third person singular present of llamar
- nada
- Nothing; not anything at all
- suyo
- His, hers, theirs; possessive pronoun indicating ownership
- hay
- There is, there are; impersonal form of haber
- ni
- Nor, neither; negative conjunction connecting elements
- casarse
- To get married; reflexive infinitive of casar
- dar
- To give; infinitive indicating transferring something to someone
- matrimonio
- Marriage; the legal union between two people
- reyes
- Kings; male monarchs who rule over a kingdom
- filósofos
- Philosophers; people who study fundamental questions of existence
- existe
- Exists; is present or real, third person singular
- elevada
- Elevated, lofty; raised to a higher level or status
- intelectual
- Intellectual; relating to the mind and reasoning abilities
- además
- Furthermore, besides; in addition to what was said
- moral
- Moral; relating to principles of right and wrong
- religiosa
- Religious; relating to faith, worship, or spiritual belief
- ciencia
- Science; systematic study of the natural world
- arte
- Art; creative expression through visual or performing means
- solo
- Only, just; exclusively, without others involved
- juventud
- Youth; the period of being young in life
- sino
- But rather; introduces a contrasting positive alternative
- toda
- All, entire; the whole of something without exception
- vida
- Life; the existence and experience of a living being
- Semejante
- Such a; of this kind or similar character
- difícilmente
- With difficulty; hardly or scarcely achievable
- puede
- Can, is able to; third person singular of poder
- realizarse
- To be realized; to become actual or be carried out
- mundo
- World; the earth and all living things upon it
- degenera
- Degenerates; deteriorates in quality or moral character
- rapidez
- Speed, rapidity; the quality of moving or acting quickly
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