The Republic — Page 8
To this is appended a restatement of the nature of justice according to common opinion, and an answer is demanded to the question—What is justice, stripped of appearances?
A esto se añade una reformulación de la naturaleza de la justicia según la opinión común, y se exige una respuesta a la pregunta: ¿qué es la justicia, despojada de las apariencias?
The second division (2) includes the remainder of the second and the whole of the third and fourth books, which are mainly occupied with the construction of the first State and the first education.
La segunda división (2) comprende el resto del segundo y la totalidad del tercer y cuarto libros, que están principalmente dedicados a la construcción del primer Estado y la primera educación.
The third division (3) consists of the fifth, sixth, and seventh books, in which philosophy rather than justice is the subject of enquiry, and the second State is constructed on principles of communism and ruled by philosophers, and the contemplation of the idea of good takes the place of the social and political virtues.
La tercera división (3) consta del quinto, sexto y séptimo libros, en los que la filosofía, más que la justicia, es el objeto de investigación, y el segundo Estado se construye sobre principios de comunismo y es gobernado por filósofos, y la contemplación de la idea del bien ocupa el lugar de las virtudes sociales y políticas.
In the eighth and ninth books (4) the perversions of States and of the individuals who correspond to them are reviewed in succession; and the nature of pleasure and the principle of tyranny are further analysed in the individual man.
En el octavo y noveno libros (4) se examinan sucesivamente las perversiones de los Estados y de los individuos que les corresponden; y la naturaleza del placer y el principio de la tiranía se analizan más profundamente en el hombre individual.
The tenth book (5) is the conclusion of the whole, in which the relations of philosophy to poetry are finally determined, and the happiness of the citizens in this life, which has now been assured, is crowned by the vision of another.
El décimo libro (5) es la conclusión del conjunto, en el que se determinan finalmente las relaciones de la filosofía con la poesía, y la felicidad de los ciudadanos en esta vida, que ya ha sido asegurada, se corona con la visión de otra.
Vocabulary
- esto
- This; that thing or idea mentioned
- se
- Oneself; reflexive pronoun indicating action upon oneself
- añade
- Adds; includes as an additional element
- una
- A; feminine indefinite article
- de
- Of; preposition indicating possession or relationship
- la
- The; feminine definite article
- naturaleza
- Nature; essential characteristics or physical world
- justicia
- Justice; fairness and moral rightness in conduct
- según
- According to; in accordance with
- opinión
- Opinion; belief or judgment not necessarily based on fact
- común
- Common; shared by many or occurring frequently
- exige
- Demands; requires something as necessary or essential
- respuesta
- Response; answer given to a question
- pregunta
- Question; inquiry seeking information or clarification
- qué
- What; interrogative pronoun requesting information
- es
- Is; third person singular of verb ser
- las
- The; feminine plural definite article
- apariencias
- Appearances; outward aspects or seeming but untrue qualities
- La
- The; feminine singular definite article
- segunda
- Second; next after the first in order
- división
- Division; separation into parts or groups
- comprende
- Comprises; includes or consists of components
- el
- The; masculine singular definite article
- resto
- Rest; remaining part or what is left over
- del
- Of the; contraction of de and el
- segundo
- Second; coming after first in sequence
- tercer
- Third; coming after two others in sequence
- cuarto
- Fourth; coming after three in sequence
- libros
- Books; written works or major divisions of texts
- que
- That; relative pronoun connecting clauses together
- están
- Are; third person plural of verb estar
- principalmente
- Mainly; chiefly or above all else
- dedicados
- Dedicated; committed or assigned to particular purpose
- construcción
- Construction; building or assembling something together
- primer
- First; earliest or most important in order
- Estado
- State; political entity or condition of being
- primera
- First; feminine form of first in sequence
- educación
- Education; instruction and training in learning
- tercera
- Third; feminine form after two others
- quinto
- Fifth; coming after four in sequence
- sexto
- Sixth; coming after five in sequence
- séptimo
- Seventh; coming after six in sequence
- en
- In; preposition indicating location or position
- los
- The; masculine plural definite article
- filosofía
- Philosophy; study of knowledge and existence
- más
- More; greater amount or additional quantity
- objeto
- Object; thing or goal of attention
- investigación
- Investigation; systematic inquiry or research
- construye
- Builds; creates or assembles something
- sobre
- On; preposition indicating position or concern
- principios
- Principles; fundamental rules or beliefs
- comunismo
- Communism; political system with shared property
- gobernado
- Governed; ruled or directed by authority
- por
- By; preposition indicating agent or cause
- filósofos
- Philosophers; people who study wisdom and knowledge
- idea
- Idea; thought or concept in mind
- bien
- Good; positive quality or moral excellence
- ocupa
- Occupies; takes up space or position
- lugar
- Place; location or position in space
- virtudes
- Virtues; moral excellence and positive qualities
- sociales
- Social; relating to society and human relations
- políticas
- Political; relating to government and state
- En
- In; preposition indicating location or time
- octavo
- Eighth; coming after seven in sequence
- noveno
- Ninth; coming after eight in sequence
- examinan
- Examine; inspect or study carefully
- Estados
- States; political entities or conditions
- individuos
- Individuals; single persons or separate entities
- les
- Them; indirect object pronoun for persons
- corresponden
- Correspond; match or be appropriate for
- placer
- Pleasure; satisfaction or enjoyment of something
- principio
- Principle; fundamental rule or beginning point
- tiranía
- Tyranny; oppressive authoritarian rule or government
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