The Republic — Page 11

English → Fr INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Tried by this test, several of the Platonic Dialogues, according to our modern ideas, appear to be defective, but the deficiency is no proof that they were composed at different times or by different hands.

Soumis à ce test, plusieurs des Dialogues de Platon, selon nos idées modernes, semblent être défectueux, mais cette déficience ne prouve pas qu'ils aient été composés à des époques différentes ou par des mains différentes.

And the supposition that the Republic was written uninterruptedly and by a continuous effort is in some degree confirmed by the numerous references from one part of the work to another.

Et la supposition que la République fut rédigée sans interruption et par un effort continu est dans une certaine mesure confirmée par les nombreuses références d'une partie de l'œuvre à une autre.

The second title, 'Concerning Justice,' is not the one by which the Republic is quoted, either by Aristotle or generally in antiquity, and, like the other second titles of the Platonic Dialogues, may therefore be assumed to be of later date.

Le second titre, « De la Justice », n'est pas celui par lequel la République est citée, ni par Aristote ni généralement dans l'Antiquité, et, comme les autres seconds titres des Dialogues de Platon, peut donc être supposé être d'une date ultérieure.

Morgenstern and others have asked whether the definition of justice, which is the professed aim, or the construction of the State is the principal argument of the work.

Morgenstern et d'autres ont demandé si la définition de la justice, qui est le but avoué, ou la construction de l'État est l'argument principal de l'œuvre.

The answer is, that the two blend in one, and are two faces of the same truth; for justice is the order of the State, and the State is the visible embodiment of justice under the conditions of human society.

La réponse est que les deux se fondent en un, et sont deux faces d'une même vérité ; car la justice est l'ordre de l'État, et l'État est l'incarnation visible de la justice dans les conditions de la société humaine.

The one is the soul and the other is the body, and the Greek ideal of the State, as of the individual, is a fair mind in a fair body.

L'un est l'âme et l'autre est le corps, et l'idéal grec de l'État, comme de l'individu, est un esprit sain dans un corps sain.

In Hegelian phraseology the state is the reality of which justice is the idea.

Dans la phraséologie hégélienne, l'État est la réalité dont la justice est l'idée.

Vocabulary

Soumis: Submitted; subjected to control or authority.
ce: This; that (demonstrative pronoun or adjective).
test: Test; examination or trial of something.
plusieurs: Several; more than two but not very many.
des: Some; plural indefinite article (of the).
Dialogues: Dialogues; conversations between two or more people.
de: Of; from; preposition indicating possession or origin.
selon: According to; in accordance with someone's opinion.
nos: Our; possessive adjective plural form.
idées: Ideas; thoughts or concepts in the mind.
modernes: Modern; contemporary or relating to present times.
semblent: Seem; appear to be or look like.
être: To be; fundamental verb of existence or state.
défectueux: Defective; having faults or imperfections; faulty.
mais: But; conjunction expressing contrast or opposition.
cette: This; that (feminine singular demonstrative adjective).
déficience: Deficiency; lack or shortage of something needed.
ne: Not; negative particle in French negation.
prouve: Proves; demonstrates or establishes as true.
pas: Not; negation particle used with verbs.
qu: That; conjunction introducing subordinate clauses.
ils: They; third person plural masculine pronoun.
aient: Have; subjunctive form of avoir (to have).
été: Been; past participle of être (to be).
composés: Composed; written or created; made up of.
époques: Epochs; periods or eras in history.
différentes: Different; distinct or unlike one another.
ou: Or; conjunction presenting alternatives or choices.
par
mains: Hands; plural of main (hand).
Et: And; basic conjunction joining words or clauses.
la: The; feminine singular definite article.
supposition: Assumption; a belief accepted without certain proof.
que: That; which; relative or subordinate conjunction.
République: Republic; state governed by representatives or constitution.
fut: Was; past tense of être in formal writing.
rédigée: Written; drafted or composed in written form.
sans: Without; preposition indicating absence or negation.
interruption: Interruption; break or cessation in continuity.
et: And; conjunction joining words or phrases.
un: A; one; masculine singular indefinite article.
effort: Effort; exertion of physical or mental power.
continu: Continuous; uninterrupted or unbroken in sequence.
est: Is; third person singular of être (to be).
dans: In; inside; preposition indicating location or position.
une: A; one; feminine singular indefinite article.
certaine: Certain; sure or particular; specific.
mesure: Measure; extent or degree of something.
confirmée: Confirmed; verified or established as true.
les: The; plural definite article for any gender.
nombreuses: Numerous; many in quantity or number.
références: References; mentions of or allusions to something.
partie: Part; section or portion of a whole.
œuvre: Work; artistic or literary creation or production.
autre: Other; different from the one mentioned.
Le: The; masculine singular definite article.
second: Second; coming after the first in order.
titre: Title; name of a work or position.
De: Of; from; preposition indicating possession or origin.
Justice: Justice; fair treatment or righteousness principle.
celui: The one; that; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun.
lequel: Which; whom; relative pronoun for things or people.
citée: Cited; quoted or mentioned as an example.
ni: Nor; neither; negative conjunction joining alternatives.
généralement: Generally; usually or in most cases.
Antiquité: Antiquity; ancient times, especially ancient Greece/Rome.
comme: As; like; in the manner of something.
autres: Others; different people or things; alternative ones.
seconds: Seconds; those coming after firsts in order.
titres: Titles; names of works, positions, or honors.
peut: Can; is able to; third person singular.
donc: Therefore; thus; consequently or as a result.
supposé: Supposed; assumed or presumed to be true.
date: Date; specific day or time in history.
ultérieure: Later; subsequent or coming after in time.
ont: Have; third person plural past tense of avoir.
demandé: Asked; requested or inquired about something.

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