The Republic — Page 12
Or, described in Christian language, the kingdom of God is within, and yet developes into a Church or external kingdom; 'the house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens,' is reduced to the proportions of an earthly building.
Ou, décrit en langage chrétien, le royaume de Dieu est intérieur, et pourtant se développe en une Église ou un royaume extérieur ; « la maison non faite de mains d'homme, éternelle dans les cieux », est ramenée aux proportions d'un édifice terrestre.
Or, to use a Platonic image, justice and the State are the warp and the woof which run through the whole texture.
Ou, pour utiliser une image platonicienne, la justice et l'État sont la chaîne et la trame qui parcourent toute la texture.
And when the constitution of the State is completed, the conception of justice is not dismissed, but reappears under the same or different names throughout the work, both as the inner law of the individual soul, and finally as the principle of rewards and punishments in another life.
Et lorsque la constitution de l'État est achevée, la conception de la justice n'est pas écartée, mais réapparaît sous les mêmes noms ou sous des noms différents tout au long de l'œuvre, à la fois comme loi intérieure de l'âme individuelle, et finalement comme principe des récompenses et des châtiments dans une autre vie.
The virtues are based on justice, of which common honesty in buying and selling is the shadow, and justice is based on the idea of good, which is the harmony of the world, and is reflected both in the institutions of states and in motions of the heavenly bodies (cp. Tim. 47).
Les vertus sont fondées sur la justice, dont l'honnêteté ordinaire dans l'achat et la vente n'est que l'ombre, et la justice est fondée sur l'idée du bien, qui est l'harmonie du monde, et se reflète à la fois dans les institutions des États et dans les mouvements des corps célestes (cf. Tim. 47).
The Timaeus, which takes up the political rather than the ethical side of the Republic, and is chiefly occupied with hypotheses concerning the outward world, yet contains many indications that the same law is supposed to reign over the State, over nature, and over man.
Le Timée, qui reprend le côté politique plutôt qu'éthique de la République, et qui est principalement consacré à des hypothèses concernant le monde extérieur, contient néanmoins de nombreuses indications que la même loi est censée régner sur l'État, sur la nature et sur l'homme.
Too much, however, has been made of this question both in ancient and modern times.
On a cependant trop fait de cas de cette question, tant dans les temps anciens que modernes.
There is a stage of criticism in which all works, whether of nature or of art, are referred to design.
Il existe un stade de la critique dans lequel toutes les œuvres, qu'elles soient de la nature ou de l'art, sont rapportées à un dessein.
Vocabulary
- Ou
- Conjunction meaning 'or', connecting alternatives
- décrit
- Describes or portrays something in detail
- en
- Preposition meaning 'in' or 'by'
- langage
- Language or manner of speaking used
- chrétien
- Relating to Christianity or Christian beliefs
- le
- Definite article 'the' for masculine nouns
- royaume
- Kingdom or realm ruled by a monarch
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'
- Dieu
- God, the supreme being in monotheistic religion
- est
- Third-person singular form of 'to be'
- intérieur
- Interior or inner aspect of something
- et
- Conjunction meaning 'and', linking elements
- pourtant
- Nevertheless or yet, expressing contrast
- se
- Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' or 'itself'
- développe
- Develops or grows over time
- une
- Indefinite article 'a' for feminine nouns
- Église
- Church, institution or building for Christian worship
- ou
- Conjunction meaning 'or', offering an alternative
- un
- Indefinite article 'a' for masculine nouns
- extérieur
- Exterior or outer aspect of something
- la
- Definite article 'the' for feminine nouns
- maison
- House or home where people live
- non
- Negation word meaning 'not' or 'no'
- faite
- Made or constructed, feminine past participle of faire
- mains
- Hands, the body parts used for manual work
- d'
- Contracted form of 'de' before a vowel
- homme
- Man or human being in general
- éternelle
- Eternal or everlasting, without beginning or end
- dans
- Preposition meaning 'in' or 'inside'
- les
- Definite article 'the' for plural nouns
- cieux
- Heavens or skies, often in religious context
- ramenée
- Brought back or reduced to something simpler
- aux
- Contraction of 'à les', meaning 'to the'
- proportions
- Proportions or relative dimensions of something
- édifice
- Building or large imposing structure
- terrestre
- Earthly or terrestrial, relating to the earth
- pour
- Preposition meaning 'for' or 'in order to'
- utiliser
- To use or make use of something
- image
- Image or metaphor used to illustrate a concept
- platonicienne
- Platonic, relating to Plato's philosophy
- justice
- Justice or fairness in moral and legal contexts
- l'
- Definite article 'the' before a vowel sound
- État
- State or government as a political entity
- sont
- Third-person plural form of 'to be'
- chaîne
- Chain or warp threads in a woven fabric
- trame
- Weft or underlying framework of a structure
- qui
- Relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which'
- parcourent
- Run through or traverse an entire structure
- toute
- All or entire, feminine form of tout
- texture
- Texture or fabric-like structure of something
- Et
- Conjunction meaning 'and', linking ideas together
- lorsque
- When or at the time that something occurs
- constitution
- Constitution or fundamental structure of a state
- achevée
- Completed or finished, feminine past participle
- conception
- Conception or original idea behind something
- n'
- Contracted negation particle used before a vowel
- pas
- Negation word used with 'ne' meaning 'not'
- écartée
- Set aside or dismissed, not taken into account
- mais
- Conjunction meaning 'but', introducing a contrast
- réapparaît
- Reappears or comes back into view again
- sous
- Preposition meaning 'under' or 'beneath'
- mêmes
- Same, indicating identity or similarity
- noms
- Names or nouns designating persons or things
- des
- Partitive or plural article meaning 'some' or 'of the'
- différents
- Different or various, not the same
- tout
- All or whole, indicating entirety
- au
- Contraction of 'à le', meaning 'to the'
- long
- Along or throughout the length of something
- œuvre
- Work or body of artistic or literary creation
- à
- Preposition meaning 'to', 'at', or 'in'
- fois
- Time or instance, as in 'at the same time'
- comme
- As or like, used for comparison
- loi
- Law or rule governing behavior or society
- intérieure
- Inner or interior, feminine form of intérieur
- âme
- Soul or spirit of a living being
- individuelle
- Individual or personal, pertaining to one person
- finalement
- Finally or ultimately, at the last point
- principe
- Principle or fundamental rule guiding behavior
- récompenses
- Rewards or recompenses given for good actions
- châtiments
- Punishments or chastisements for wrongdoing
- autre
- Other or another, referring to a different one
- vie
- Life or existence of a living being
- Les
- Definite article 'the' for plural nouns
- vertus
- Virtues or moral qualities considered admirable
- fondées
- Founded or based upon something, feminine plural
- sur
- Preposition meaning 'on' or 'upon'
- dont
- Of which or whose, a relative pronoun
- honnêteté
- Honesty or integrity in personal conduct
- ordinaire
- Ordinary or common, not exceptional
- achat
- Purchase or buying of goods or services
- vente
- Sale or selling of goods or services
- que
- That or which, used as a conjunction
- ombre
- Shadow or shade, a faint reflection of something
- fondée
- Founded or based on, feminine past participle
- idée
- Idea or concept conceived in the mind
- du
- Contraction of 'de le', meaning 'of the'
- bien
- Good or the concept of moral goodness
- harmonie
- Harmony or agreeable arrangement of parts together
- monde
- World or the universe as a whole
- reflète
- Reflects or mirrors something else closely
- institutions
- Institutions or established organizations in society
- États
- States or political entities with governments
- mouvements
- Movements or motions of bodies or groups
- corps
- Bodies or physical forms of living beings
- célestes
- Celestial or heavenly, relating to the sky
- Le
- Definite article 'the' for masculine nouns
- reprend
- Takes up again or resumes a theme
- côté
- Side or aspect of a subject or matter
- politique
- Political or relating to governance and policy
- plutôt
- Rather or instead, indicating a preference
- qu'
- Contracted form of 'que' before a vowel
- éthique
- Ethics or moral philosophy guiding conduct
- République
- Republic, referring to Plato's famous dialogue
- principalement
- Principally or mainly, above all else
- consacré
- Dedicated or devoted to a particular subject
- hypothèses
- Hypotheses or assumptions proposed for examination
- concernant
- Concerning or regarding a particular topic
- contient
- Contains or holds something within it
- néanmoins
- Nevertheless or nonetheless, despite that
- nombreuses
- Numerous or many, feminine plural form
- indications
- Indications or hints pointing to something
- même
- Same or even, used for emphasis
- censée
- Supposed or expected to do something
- régner
- To reign or rule over a domain
- nature
- Nature or the natural world and its order
- On
- Indefinite pronoun meaning 'one' or 'people'
- a
- Third-person singular of avoir, meaning 'has'
- cependant
- However or yet, expressing a contrast
- trop
- Too much or excessively, beyond a limit
- fait
- Made or done, past participle of faire
- cas
- Case or instance of something occurring
- cette
- This, demonstrative adjective for feminine nouns
- question
- Question or issue raised for consideration
- tant
- So much or as much, indicating degree
- temps
- Time or era, a period of history
- anciens
- Ancients or people of former times
- modernes
- Moderns or people of contemporary times
- Il
- Personal pronoun 'he' or impersonal 'it'
- existe
- Exists or is present in reality
- stade
- Stage or phase in a process or development
- critique
- Critical or relating to critical analysis
- lequel
- Which, a relative pronoun for masculine nouns
- toutes
- All, feminine plural form of tout
- œuvres
- Works or pieces of artistic creation
- elles
- They or them, feminine third-person plural pronoun
- soient
- Subjunctive form of être, meaning 'may be'
- art
- Art or creative skill and its expression
- rapportées
- Referred or related back to something else
- dessein
- Design or deliberate plan or intention
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