The Republic — Page 6

English → It INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

And many of the latest conceptions of modern thinkers and statesmen, such as the unity of knowledge, the reign of law, and the equality of the sexes, have been anticipated in a dream by him.

E molte delle più recenti concezioni dei pensatori e degli statisti moderni, come l'unità del sapere, il regno della legge e l'uguaglianza dei sessi, sono state anticipate in sogno da lui.

The argument of the Republic is the search after Justice, the nature of which is first hinted at by Cephalus, the just and blameless old man—then discussed on the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and Polemarchus—then caricatured by Thrasymachus and partially explained by Socrates—reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus, and having become invisible in the individual reappears at length in the ideal State which is constructed by Socrates.

Il tema della Repubblica è la ricerca della Giustizia, la cui natura viene dapprima accennata da Cefalo, il vecchio giusto e irreprensibile — poi discussa sulla base della moralità proverbiale da Socrate e Polemarco — poi caricaturata da Trasimaco e parzialmente spiegata da Socrate — ridotta a un'astrazione da Glaucone e Adimanto, e dopo essere diventata invisibile nell'individuo riappare infine nello Stato ideale che viene costruito da Socrate.

The first care of the rulers is to be education, of which an outline is drawn after the old Hellenic model, providing only for an improved religion and morality, and more simplicity in music and gymnastic, a manlier strain of poetry, and greater harmony of the individual and the State.

La prima preoccupazione dei governanti deve essere l'educazione, di cui viene tracciato uno schema sul modello ellenico antico, che prevede soltanto una religione e una moralità migliorate, una maggiore semplicità nella musica e nella ginnastica, un tono più virile nella poesia e una maggiore armonia tra l'individuo e lo Stato.

We are thus led on to the conception of a higher State, in which 'no man calls anything his own,' and in which there is neither 'marrying nor giving in marriage,' and 'kings are philosophers' and 'philosophers are kings;' and there is another and higher education, intellectual as well as moral and religious, of science as well as of art, and not of youth only but of the whole of life.

Veniamo così condotti alla concezione di uno Stato superiore, nel quale 'nessun uomo chiama nulla suo proprio', e nel quale non vi è né 'sposarsi né dare in matrimonio', e 'i re sono filosofi' e 'i filosofi sono re'; e vi è un'altra e più elevata educazione, intellettuale oltre che morale e religiosa, della scienza oltre che dell'arte, e non della sola giovinezza ma dell'intera vita.

Such a State is hardly to be realized in this world and quickly degenerates.

Uno Stato simile difficilmente può essere realizzato in questo mondo e degenera rapidamente.

Vocabulary

E: Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses.
molte: Many; feminine plural form of 'molto'.
delle: Contraction of 'di' and 'le', meaning 'of the'.
più: More; used in comparisons or to indicate greater degree.
recenti: Recent; occurring or appearing not long ago.
concezioni: Conceptions; ideas or abstract understandings of something.
dei: Contraction of 'di' and 'i', meaning 'of the' (masculine plural).
pensatori: Thinkers; people who engage in deep intellectual thought.
e: Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses.
degli: Contraction of 'di' and 'gli', meaning 'of the' (masculine plural).
statisti: Statesmen; experienced and skilled political leaders or politicians.
moderni: Modern; relating to the present or recent times.
come: As, like, or how; used for comparison or inquiry.
l': Elided form of definite article 'il' or 'la' before vowels.
unità: Unity; the state of being united or forming a whole.
del: Contraction of 'di' and 'il', meaning 'of the' (masculine singular).
sapere: Knowledge; the body of things known or understood.
il: Definite article 'the' for masculine singular nouns.
regno: Reign or kingdom; domain of authority or rule.
della: Contraction of 'di' and 'la', meaning 'of the' (feminine singular).
legge: Law; a rule or system of rules in a society.
uguaglianza: Equality; the state of being equal in rights or status.
sessi: Sexes; the two biological categories of male and female.
sono: Are; third person plural present tense of 'essere'.
state: Been; past participle of 'essere', used in compound tenses.
anticipate: Anticipated; foreseen or predicted before something actually occurs.
in: In; preposition indicating location, time, or inclusion.
sogno: Dream; images or thoughts experienced during sleep or imagination.
da: By or from; preposition indicating origin or agency.
lui: Him; third person masculine singular pronoun.
Il: Definite article 'the' for masculine singular nouns.
tema: Theme; the main subject or topic of a work.
Repubblica: Republic; a state governed by elected representatives, not a monarch.
è: Is; third person singular present tense of 'essere'.
la: Definite article 'the' for feminine singular nouns.
ricerca: Search or research; inquiry or investigation into a subject.
Giustizia: Justice; moral rightness, fairness, and equitable treatment.
cui: Whose or which; relative pronoun referring to a previously mentioned noun.
natura: Nature; the essential qualities or characteristics of something.
viene: Comes; third person singular present of 'venire', often used passively.
dapprima: At first; initially, before anything else happens.
accennata: Mentioned or hinted at; briefly referred to or indicated.
vecchio: Old; advanced in age, or an elderly person.
giusto: Just or right; fair, correct, or morally upright.
irreprensibile: Irreproachable; beyond criticism, blameless in conduct or character.
poi: Then or afterwards; indicating subsequent time or sequence.
discussa: Discussed; examined or debated in conversation or writing.
sulla: Contraction of 'su' and 'la', meaning 'on the' (feminine singular).
base: Basis or base; the underlying foundation of something.
moralità: Morality; principles concerning right and wrong behavior.
proverbiale: Proverbial; widely known, referred to in common sayings.
caricaturata: Caricatured; exaggerated or distorted, often for comic or critical effect.
parzialmente: Partially; in part, not completely or fully.
spiegata: Explained; made clear or understandable through description.
ridotta: Reduced; brought down or simplified to a lesser form.
a: To or at; preposition indicating direction, location, or purpose.
un': Elided feminine indefinite article 'una' before a vowel.
astrazione: Abstraction; a concept separated from concrete reality or specifics.
dopo: After; following in time, sequence, or order.
essere: To be; fundamental Italian verb indicating existence or identity.
diventata: Become; past participle of 'diventare', indicating a change of state.
invisibile: Invisible; impossible to see, not perceptible to the eye.
nell': Contraction of 'in' and 'l'', meaning 'in the' before a vowel.
individuo: Individual; a single person or being considered separately.
riappare: Reappears; comes back into view or existence again.
infine: Finally; at the end, ultimately, after everything else.
nello: Contraction of 'in' and 'lo', meaning 'in the' (masculine singular).
Stato: State; a political community or nation with its government.
ideale: Ideal; perfect or existing as an ultimate standard of excellence.
che: That or which; conjunction or relative pronoun in Italian.
costruito: Built or constructed; past participle of 'costruire'.
La: Definite article 'the' for feminine singular nouns.
prima: First; occurring before all others in order or time.
preoccupazione: Concern or preoccupation; a worry occupying one's thoughts.
governanti: Rulers or governors; those who hold political power and govern.
deve: Must or has to; third person singular of 'dovere'.
educazione: Education; the process of teaching and developing knowledge.
di: Of or from; very common Italian preposition.
tracciato: Outlined or traced; a plan or scheme drawn up.
uno: One; masculine indefinite article or the number one.
schema: Schema or outline; a structured plan or diagram.
sul: Contraction of 'su' and 'il', meaning 'on the' (masculine singular).
modello: Model; an example or pattern to be followed or imitated.
ellenico: Hellenic; relating to ancient Greece or Greek culture.
antico: Ancient or old; belonging to a very distant past.
prevede: Foresees or provides for; third person singular of 'prevedere'.
soltanto: Only or just; nothing more than what is specified.
una: Indefinite article 'a' or 'an' for feminine singular nouns.
religione: Religion; a system of belief and worship of a deity.
migliorate: Improved; made better than before, enhanced in quality.
maggiore: Greater or major; larger in size, degree, or importance.
semplicità: Simplicity; the quality of being uncomplicated or easy to understand.
nella: Contraction of 'in' and 'la', meaning 'in the' (feminine singular).
musica: Music; the art of arranging sounds in expressive combinations.
ginnastica: Gymnastics or physical exercise; training of the body through movement.
un: Indefinite article 'a' or 'an' for masculine singular nouns.
tono: Tone; a quality of sound, color, or general character.
virile: Virile; having strong, vigorous masculine qualities or characteristics.
poesia: Poetry; literary art expressed in verse with aesthetic language.
armonia: Harmony; agreement, balance, and pleasing combination of elements.
tra: Between or among; preposition indicating a middle position.
lo: Definite article 'the' for masculine singular nouns starting with specific consonants.
Veniamo: We come; first person plural present of 'venire'.
così: So or thus; in this way, therefore, or to this degree.
condotti: Led or conducted; past participle of 'condurre', guided somewhere.
alla: Contraction of 'a' and 'la', meaning 'to the' (feminine singular).
concezione: Conception; an idea, notion, or abstract understanding of something.
superiore: Superior or higher; of greater rank, quality, or degree.
nel: Contraction of 'in' and 'il', meaning 'in the' (masculine singular).
quale: Which or who; relative pronoun referring to a previously mentioned noun.
nessun: No or not any; indicates the complete absence of something.
uomo: Man; an adult male human being.
chiama: Calls; third person singular present of 'chiamare'.
nulla: Nothing; not anything, the absence of all things.
suo: His, her, or its; possessive adjective for third person singular.
proprio: Own; belonging exclusively to a specific person or entity.
non: Not; negation word used to express denial or refusal.
vi: There or to/in it; adverbial pronoun indicating place or presence.
né: Neither/nor; conjunction used to connect negative alternatives.
sposarsi: To marry; reflexive verb meaning to get married.
dare: To give; infinitive of common Italian verb 'dare'.
matrimonio: Marriage; the legally or formally recognized union of two people.
i: Definite article 'the' for masculine plural nouns.
re: Kings; plural of 're', rulers of a monarchy.
filosofi: Philosophers; people who study fundamental questions of existence and knowledge.
altra: Other or another; feminine form of 'altro', referring to something different.
elevata: Elevated or high; raised to a higher level or standard.
intellettuale: Intellectual; relating to the intellect or highly developed thinking.
oltre: Beyond or besides; further than a stated limit or point.
morale: Moral; relating to principles of right and wrong behavior.
religiosa: Religious; relating to or connected with religion or faith.
scienza: Science; systematic study of the natural world through observation.
dell': Contraction of 'di' and 'l'', meaning 'of the' before a vowel.
arte: Art; creative expression through painting, music, literature, etc.
sola: Only or alone; feminine form, referring to a single thing.
giovinezza: Youth; the period of being young, early life.
ma: But; conjunction expressing contrast or opposition.
intera: Entire or whole; complete, without any part missing.
vita: Life; the existence of a living being from birth to death.
Uno: One; masculine indefinite article or pronoun meaning 'one'.
simile: Similar or such; resembling something else, alike in some way.
difficilmente: With difficulty or hardly; not easily achieved or accomplished.
può: Can or may; third person singular present of 'potere'.
realizzato: Realized or achieved; past participle of 'realizzare', brought to fruition.
questo: This; demonstrative pronoun or adjective referring to something nearby.
mondo: World; the earth and all its inhabitants and environments.
degenera: Degenerates; third person singular of 'degenerare', declining in quality.
rapidamente: Rapidly or quickly; in a fast manner, with great speed.

← Previous Next →

Unlock audio playback, vocabulary games, and reading progress tracking.

Create free account →