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The Republic — Page 11

English → It INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Tried by this test, several of the Platonic Dialogues, according to our modern ideas, appear to be defective, but the deficiency is no proof that they were composed at different times or by different hands.

Sottoposti a questa prova, diversi dei Dialoghi Platonici, secondo le nostre idee moderne, appaiono essere difettosi, ma la deficienza non è una prova che siano stati composti in momenti diversi o da mani diverse.

And the supposition that the Republic was written uninterruptedly and by a continuous effort is in some degree confirmed by the numerous references from one part of the work to another.

E la supposizione che la Repubblica sia stata scritta ininterrottamente e con uno sforzo continuo è in qualche misura confermata dai numerosi rimandi da una parte dell'opera all'altra.

The second title, 'Concerning Justice,' is not the one by which the Republic is quoted, either by Aristotle or generally in antiquity, and, like the other second titles of the Platonic Dialogues, may therefore be assumed to be of later date.

Il secondo titolo, 'Sulla Giustizia', non è quello con cui la Repubblica viene citata, né da Aristotele né in generale nell'antichità, e, come gli altri secondi titoli dei Dialoghi Platonici, può quindi essere considerato di data posteriore.

Morgenstern and others have asked whether the definition of justice, which is the professed aim, or the construction of the State is the principal argument of the work.

Morgenstern e altri si sono chiesti se la definizione di giustizia, che è lo scopo dichiarato, o la costruzione dello Stato sia l'argomento principale dell'opera.

The answer is, that the two blend in one, and are two faces of the same truth; for justice is the order of the State, and the State is the visible embodiment of justice under the conditions of human society.

La risposta è che i due si fondono in uno, e sono due facce della stessa verità; poiché la giustizia è l'ordine dello Stato, e lo Stato è l'incarnazione visibile della giustizia nelle condizioni della società umana.

The one is the soul and the other is the body, and the Greek ideal of the State, as of the individual, is a fair mind in a fair body.

L'uno è l'anima e l'altro è il corpo, e l'ideale greco dello Stato, come dell'individuo, è una mente sana in un corpo sano.

In Hegelian phraseology the state is the reality of which justice is the idea.

Nella fraseologia hegeliana lo Stato è la realtà di cui la giustizia è l'idea.

Vocabulary

Sottoposti
sot-to-POS-ti — Subjected or submitted to something for examination
a
a — Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'
questa
QUES-ta — Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' (feminine)
prova
PRO-va — Test, proof, or trial of something
diversi
di-VER-si — Several or various; different from one another
dei
DEI — Contraction of 'di' and 'i', meaning 'of the'
Dialoghi
di-A-lo-gi — Dialogues; written conversations between characters
Platonici
pla-TO-ni-ci — Platonic; relating to the philosophy of Plato
secondo
se-CON-do — According to; also means 'second'
le
le — Definite article or pronoun, feminine plural 'the'
nostre
NOS-tre — Possessive adjective meaning 'our' (feminine plural)
idee
i-DE-e — Ideas; thoughts or concepts held in the mind
moderne
mo-DER-ne — Modern; relating to the current or recent era
appaiono
ap-PA-io-no — They appear; third person plural of apparire
essere
ES-se-re — To be; fundamental Italian linking verb
difettosi
di-fet-TO-si — Defective or flawed; having noticeable faults
ma
ma — Conjunction meaning 'but', expressing contrast
la
la — Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'
deficienza
de-fi-CIEN-za — Deficiency; a lack or shortcoming in something
non
non — Negation word meaning 'not'
è
è — Third person singular of essere, meaning 'is'
una
U-na — Feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'
che
che — Conjunction or pronoun meaning 'that' or 'which'
siano
SI-a-no — Subjunctive form of essere, meaning 'they be'
stati
STA-ti — Past participle of essere, meaning 'been'
composti
com-POS-ti — Composed or written; past participle of comporre
in
in — Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into'
momenti
mo-MEN-ti — Moments; specific points or periods in time
o
o — Conjunction meaning 'or', presenting an alternative
da
da — Preposition meaning 'by', 'from', or 'since'
mani
MA-ni — Hands; also used to mean different authors
diverse
di-VER-se — Different or various (feminine plural form)
E
e — Conjunction meaning 'and', linking two elements
supposizione
sup-po-si-ZIO-ne — Supposition; an assumption made without full evidence
Repubblica
re-PUB-bli-ca — Republic; also title of Plato's famous dialogue
sia
SI-a — Subjunctive form of essere, meaning 'be' or 'is'
stata
STA-ta — Past participle of essere (feminine), meaning 'been'
scritta
SCRIT-ta — Written; feminine past participle of scrivere
ininterrottamente
in-in-ter-rot-ta-MEN-te — Continuously; without any interruption throughout
e
e — Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses
con
con — Preposition meaning 'with'
uno
U-no — Masculine indefinite article or numeral meaning 'one'
sforzo
SFOR-zo — Effort or exertion applied toward achieving something
continuo
con-TI-nuo — Continuous; uninterrupted or ongoing without breaks
qualche
QUAL-che — Some; an indefinite quantity of something
misura
mi-SU-ra — Measure or extent; degree to which something applies
confermata
con-fer-MA-ta — Confirmed; verified or substantiated by evidence
dai
dai — Contraction of 'da' and 'i', meaning 'by the'
numerosi
nu-me-RO-si — Numerous; many in count or quantity
rimandi
ri-MAN-di — Cross-references or internal references within a text
parte
PAR-te — Part; a section or portion of a whole
dell'
del — Contraction of 'di' and 'la/lo', meaning 'of the'
opera
O-pe-ra — Work; a literary, musical, or artistic composition
all'
all — Contraction of 'a' and 'la/lo', meaning 'to the'
altra
AL-tra — Other; the different or remaining one (feminine)
Il
il — Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'
titolo
TI-to-lo — Title; the name given to a book or work
Sulla
SUL-la — Contraction meaning 'on the' (feminine singular)
Giustizia
gius-TI-zia — Justice; fairness and rightness in moral matters
quello
QUEL-lo — That; demonstrative pronoun or adjective (masculine)
cui
cui — Relative pronoun meaning 'which', 'whom', or 'whose'
viene
VIEN-e — Comes; third person singular of venire
citata
ci-TA-ta — Cited or quoted; referred to in a text
né
né — Neither; used to negate two elements together
generale
ge-ne-RA-le — General; broad, not specific or detailed
nell'
nell — Contraction of 'in' and 'la/lo', meaning 'in the'
antichità
an-ti-chi-TÀ — Antiquity; the ancient past or classical era
come
CO-me — As or like; used for comparisons or manner
gli
gli — Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'
altri
AL-tri — Others; additional or different people or things
secondi
se-CON-di — Secondary or second; subordinate titles or names
titoli
TI-to-li — Titles; names or headings given to works
può
può — Can; third person singular of potere (can/may)
quindi
QUIN-di — Therefore or so; indicating logical consequence
considerato
con-si-de-RA-to — Considered; regarded or thought of in a certain way
di
di — Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'
data
DA-ta — Date; the time when something was created or occurred
posteriore
pos-te-ri-O-re — Later or posterior; occurring after something else
si
si — Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' or 'themselves'
sono
SO-no — Are; first person plural or third person plural of essere
chiesti
CHIES-ti — Asked; past participle of chiedere, to ask
se
se — If or whether; introduces a conditional clause
definizione
de-fi-ni-ZIO-ne — Definition; an explanation of a word's meaning
giustizia
gius-TI-zia — Justice; moral rightness and fairness in society
lo
lo — Masculine singular definite article or direct object pronoun
scopo
SCO-po — Aim or purpose; the goal of an action
dichiarato
di-chia-RA-to — Declared or stated; explicitly expressed purpose
costruzione
cos-tru-ZIO-ne — Construction; the building or forming of something
dello
DEL-lo — Contraction of 'di' and 'lo', meaning 'of the'
Stato
STA-to — State; a political entity or organized government
l'
l — Elided definite article meaning 'the' before vowels
argomento
ar-go-MEN-to — Argument or topic; the main subject being discussed
principale
prin-ci-PA-le — Main or principal; most important element
La
la — Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'
risposta
ris-POS-ta — Answer or response to a question or argument
i
i — Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'
due
DU-e — Two; the number two or both of something
fondono
FON-do-no — They merge or fuse; third person plural of fondere
facce
FAC-ce — Faces or sides; different aspects of something
della
DEL-la — Contraction of 'di' and 'la', meaning 'of the'
stessa
STES-sa — Same; identical (feminine singular form)
verità
ve-ri-TÀ — Truth; the quality of being true or real
poiché
poi-CHÉ — Since or because; introduces a causal explanation
ordine
OR-di-ne — Order; structured arrangement or sequence of things
incarnazione
in-car-na-ZIO-ne — Incarnation; embodiment of an idea in physical form
visibile
vi-SI-bi-le — Visible; able to be seen or perceived
nelle
NEL-le — Contraction of 'in' and 'le', meaning 'in the'
condizioni
con-di-ZIO-ni — Conditions; circumstances or states of affairs
società
so-cie-TÀ — Society; the community of people living together
umana
u-MA-na — Human; relating to humanity (feminine singular)
L'
l — Elided definite article meaning 'the' before vowels
anima
A-ni-ma — Soul; the spiritual or immaterial part of a person
altro
AL-tro — Other or another; a different thing or person
il
il — Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'
corpo
COR-po — Body; the physical form of a person or organism
ideale
i-de-A-le — Ideal; a perfect standard or model to aspire to
greco
GRE-co — Greek; relating to Greece or its culture
individuo
in-di-VI-duo — Individual; a single person considered separately
mente
MEN-te — Mind; the faculty of thought and reasoning
sana
SA-na — Healthy or sound; in good mental or physical condition
un
un — Masculine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'
sano
SA-no — Healthy; free from illness or defect (masculine)
Nella
NEL-la — Contraction of 'in' and 'la', meaning 'in the'
fraseologia
fra-se-o-lo-GI-a — Phraseology; the particular way language is expressed
realtà
re-al-TÀ — Reality; the state of things as they actually exist
idea
i-DE-a — Idea; a concept or thought formed in the mind
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