The Republic — Page 2

Vocabulary

彼

kare — He; that person (male third-person pronoun).

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence topic.

世界

sekai — The world; all of existence globally.

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the grammatical subject.

見て

mite — Seeing; looking at (te-form of 見る).

中

naka — Inside; among; in the middle of something.

最も

mottomo — Most; to the greatest degree possible.

偉大

idai — Great; remarkable in achievement or stature.

形而上学

keijijōgaku — Metaphysics; philosophical study of ultimate reality.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-al'; relating to something.

天才

tensai — Genius; person of extraordinary intellectual ability.

あり

ari — Is; exists (classical/formal form of ある).

他

hoka — Other; another; the rest.

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever kind of (formal literary expression).

古代

kodai — Ancient times; antiquity; the distant past.

思想家

shisōka — Thinker; philosopher; person of intellectual ideas.

より

yori — Than; from; comparative particle.

未来

mirai — Future; time yet to come.

知識

chishiki — Knowledge; information acquired through learning.

萌芽

hōga — Germ; sprout; early seed of an idea.

含まれ

fukumare — Is included; is contained within (passive form).

いる

iru — To be; to exist (for animate beings or ongoing states).

後世

kōsei — Posterity; future generations; later ages.

非常

hijō — Extremely; very; unusually (used with に).

多く

ōku — Many; a large number or quantity of things.

思考

shikō — Thought; thinking; cognitive process.

道具

dōgu — Tool; instrument; implement used for a purpose.

提供

teikyō — To provide; to offer; to supply something.

論理学

ronrigaku — Logic; the academic discipline of valid reasoning.

心理学

shinrigaku — Psychology; scientific study of mind and behavior.

諸科学

shokagaku — Various sciences; multiple academic disciplines.

ソクラテス

Sokuratesu — Socrates; ancient Greek philosopher and teacher.

プラトン

Puraton — Plato; ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates.

分析

bunseki — Analysis; breaking something into component parts.

基づい

motozui — Based on; grounded in (te-form of 基づく).

定義

teigi — Definition; precise explanation of a word or concept.

原理

genri — Principle; fundamental rule or law.

矛盾

mujun — Contradiction; logical inconsistency between statements.

法則

hōsoku — Law; rule; established principle of nature or logic.

循環

junkan — Cycle; circular; circular reasoning or repetition.

論法

ronpō — Mode of argument; method of logical reasoning.

誤謬

gobyu — Fallacy; error in reasoning; logical mistake.

事物

jibutsu — Things; objects; matters in the physical world.

概念

gainen — Concept; abstract idea or notion.

本質

honshitsu — Essence; fundamental nature of something.

偶有性

gūyūsei — Accidentality; contingent property not essential to a thing.

区別

kubetsu — Distinction; difference; differentiation between things.

手段

shudan — Means; method; way of achieving a goal.

目的

mokuteki — Purpose; goal; objective one aims to achieve.

原因

gen'in — Cause; reason; origin of an event or result.

条件

jōken — Condition; requirement; prerequisite for something.

また

mata — Also; again; furthermore; in addition.

精神

seishin — Spirit; mind; psyche; mental or spiritual faculty.

理性

risei — Reason; rationality; faculty of logical thought.

欲情

yokujō — Desire; passion; emotional craving or appetite.

怒情

dojō — Anger; irascible emotion; spirit of righteous indignation.

要素

yōso — Element; component; factor making up a whole.

分ける

wakeru — To divide; to separate into parts or categories.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns.

あるいは

aruiwa — Or; alternatively; either one option or another.

快楽

kairaku — Pleasure; enjoyment; sensory or emotional delight.

欲求

yokkyū — Desire; want; craving for something specific.

必要

hitsuyō — Necessary; needed; essential for a purpose.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something tangible or conceptual.

不必要

fuhitsuyō — Unnecessary; not needed; superfluous.

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative pronoun for nearby things.

および

oyobi — And; as well as (formal conjunction).

形式

keishiki — Form; format; formality; structural framework.

すべて

subete — All; everything; entirely without exception.

国家

kokka — State; nation; also title of Plato's Republic.

見出さ

miidasa — To find; to discover; to identify (passive stem).

おそらく

osoraku — Probably; perhaps; most likely.

初めて

hajimete — For the first time; never done before this moment.

考案

kōan — Devising; invention; creating a plan or concept.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; to have (for inanimate things).

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all possible; of every kind imaginable.

論理

ronri — Logic; logical reasoning; rational argument.

真理

shinri — Truth; absolute or philosophical truth.

そして

soshite — And then; and so; furthermore.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; love of wisdom; academic philosophical study.

著述家

chojutsuka — Writer; author; one who writes scholarly works.

見失い

miushinai — To lose sight of; to overlook (stem form).

がち

gachi — Tendency to; prone to; apt to do something.

すなわち

sunawachi — That is; namely; in other words.

言葉

kotoba — Word; language; expression; spoken or written word.

違い

chigai — Difference; discrepancy; distinction between things.

力強く

chikarazuyoku — Powerfully; forcefully; with great strength or conviction.

主張

shuchō — Assertion; claim; insistence on a position.

政治家

seijika — Politician; statesman; person involved in politics.

クラテュロス

Kurateurosu — Cratylus; dialogue by Plato on language and names.

節

setsu — Section; passage; clause; numbered division of text.

以降

ikō — From ... onward; after a specified point in time.

参照

sanshō — Reference; refer to; consultation of a source.

自身

jishin — Oneself; himself/herself; one's own self.

著作

chosaku — Work; written work; literary or scholarly publication.

おい

oi — In; at; within (classical particle, formal usage).

例えば

tatoeba — For example; for instance; to illustrate a point.

両者

ryōsha — Both parties; the two; both persons or things.

混同

kondō — Confusion; mixing up; conflating two different things.

常に

tsuneni — Always; constantly; at all times without exception.

避け

sake — To avoid; to evade (stem/te-form of 避ける).

わけ

wake — Reason; meaning; implying something follows logically.

ない

nai — Not; negation; does not exist or is not the case.

しかし

shikashi — However; but; nevertheless; expressing contrast.

公式

kōshiki — Formula; official form; formal rule or expression.

縛り付ける

shibari tsukeru — To bind; to tie down; to constrain rigidly.

せず

sezu — Without doing; not doing (negative conjunctive of する).

いまだ

imada — Still; yet; even now; not yet resolved.

覆わ

oowa — To cover; to veil; to conceal (stem of 覆う).

おり

ori — Being; existing (formal/literary form of いる).

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; the state of existing.

観照

kanshō — Contemplation; pure intellectual or aesthetic observation.

する

suru — To do; to perform; general-purpose action verb.

想定

sōtei — Assumption; supposition; presupposed hypothesis.

学問

gakumon — Learning; scholarship; academic study or discipline.

アリストテレス

Arisutoteresu — Aristotle; ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

発見

hakken — Discovery; finding something previously unknown.

三段論法

sandanronpō — Syllogism; three-part deductive logical argument form.

学説

gakusetsu — Theory; doctrine; academic thesis or scholarly view.

詭弁

kiben — Sophistry; fallacious clever argument intended to deceive.

論駁

ronbaku — Refutation; rebuttal; disproving an argument.

論

ron — Argument; treatise; discourse; logical discussion.

章

shō — Chapter; numbered section of a book or text.

大きく

ōkiku — Greatly; significantly; to a large degree.

異なる

kotonaru — To differ; to be different; to vary from something.