The Republic — Page 5

Vocabulary

二人

futari — Two people; a pair of individuals.

の

no — Possessive or attributive particle connecting nouns.

哲学者

tetsugakusha — A philosopher; someone who studies philosophy.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence subject.

自分

jibun — Oneself; refers to the speaker or subject themselves.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix indicating a group of people.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

意識

ishiki — Consciousness; awareness of something.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of suru; to do.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases sequentially.

い

i — Stem of iru; to be, to exist (animate).

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action.

以上

ijō — More than; beyond a certain level or degree.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or purpose.

多く

ōku — Many; a large number or great amount.

共通点

kyōtsūten — Common points; things shared between two entities.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

持っ

mot(te) — To have; to hold or possess something.

そして

soshite — And then; furthermore, connecting successive statements.

おそらく

osoraku — Probably; most likely, expressing conjecture.

いくつか

ikutsuka — Some; a few, an unspecified small number.

要素

yōso — Element; component or factor within a whole.

今

ima — Now; the present moment or current time.

も

mo — Also; too, adding emphasis or inclusion.

なお

nao — Still; even now, continuing to the present.

中

naka — Inside; within, among, or in the middle.

未発見

mihakken — Undiscovered; not yet found or identified.

まま

mama — As is; remaining in an unchanged state.

残っ

nokot(te) — To remain; to be left behind unchanged.

いる

iru — To be; to exist (for animate beings).

イギリス

Igirisu — Britain; the United Kingdom.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions.

おい

oi — Contraction of において; in, at, within a context.

主義者

shugisha — An advocate or adherent of a particular ideology.

著作

chosaku — Written works; an authored literary or academic work.

みならず

minarazu — Not only; beyond just, extending further.

や

ya — And; listing particle connecting similar nouns.

よう

yō — Like; similar to, in the manner of.

な

na — Adjectival particle connecting na-adjectives to nouns.

偉大

idai — Great; magnificent, of outstanding importance or scale.

独創的

dokusōteki — Original; creative and distinctively inventive in thought.

作家

sakka — Writer; an author of literary or creative works.

と

to — And; with, connecting nouns or quoting speech.

その

sono — That; referring to a previously mentioned thing.

思想

shisō — Thought; a system of ideas or ideology.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward something.

見出す

midasu — To find; to discover or identify something.

こと

koto — Thing; nominalizer turning a verb into a noun.

できる

dekiru — To be able; capable of doing something.

経験

keiken — Experience; practical knowledge gained through events.

超え

koe — To exceed; surpass or go beyond a limit.

真理

shinri — Truth; fundamental reality or universal principle.

存在

sonzai — Existence; the state of being or existing.

精神

seishin — Spirit; mind or mental faculty of a person.

それ

sore — That; referring to something previously mentioned.

自身

jishin — Itself; oneself, emphasizing the subject itself.

対し

taishi — Toward; with respect to, in relation to.

証人

shōnin — Witness; one who gives testimony or bears witness.

なる

naru — To become; to turn into something.

いう

iu — To say; to state or call something.

確信

kakushin — Conviction; firm belief or certainty about something.

我々

wareware — We; us, referring to a group including the speaker.

世代

sedai — Generation; a group of people born in same era.

熱狂的

nekkyōteki — Enthusiastic; passionate or fanatically devoted.

主張

shuchō — Claim; argument or assertion strongly put forward.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix or passive auxiliary particle.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary verb form indicating receiving action.

き

ki — Past auxiliary in literary style; has come to be.

おり

ori — Polite form of iru; to be, to continue doing.

支持

shiji — Support; backing or endorsement of an idea.

広げ

hirogе — To spread; to expand or widen something.

つつ

tsutsu — While; simultaneously doing two ongoing actions.

ある

aru — To be; to exist (for inanimate things).

ルネサンス

Runesansu — Renaissance; European cultural revival of 14th–17th centuries.

期

ki — Period; era or phase of time.

世界

sekai — World; the entire earth or a particular domain.

新た

arata — New; fresh, renewed, or newly arising.

生命

seimei — Life; vitality or living force of an organism.

もたらし

motarashi — To bring about; to cause or introduce something.

ギリシャ

Girisha — Greece; country of ancient and modern Greek culture.

著作家

chosakka — Author; a person who writes literary works.

で

de — At; by means of, indicating location or means.

最大

saidai — Greatest; the largest or most significant in degree.

影響力

eikyōryoku — Influence; the power to affect others' thinking.

国家

kokka — State; nation or the political body of a country.

また

mata — Also; again or moreover, adding another point.

教育

kyōiku — Education; the process of teaching and learning.

関する

kansuru — To relate to; concerning a particular subject.

最初

saisho — First; the earliest or the very beginning.

論考

ronkō — Treatise; a scholarly essay examining a topic.

あり

ari — To be; existence, often in formal or written style.

正統

seitō — Orthodoxy; legitimacy or being a true successor.

後継者

kōkeisha — Successor; one who follows and continues another's work.

彼

kare — He; him, a third-person male pronoun.

別

betsu — Separate; different, another, or distinct from others.

生

sei / shō — Life; birth or living existence.

つい

tsui — About; concerning, or unintentionally, inadvertently.

啓示

keiji — Revelation; divine disclosure of hidden truth.

持ち

mochi — To hold; to carry or possess something.

知識

chishiki — Knowledge; information or understanding acquired through learning.

統一性

tōitsusei — Unity; the quality of being unified or coherent.

深く

fukaku — Deeply; profoundly, to a great degree.

感銘

kanmei — Deep impression; being profoundly moved or inspired.

受け

uke — To receive; to accept or be given something.

初期

shoki — Early period; the beginning phase of something.

教会

kyōkai — Church; a Christian place of worship or institution.

神学

shingaku — Theology; academic study of religious belief and God.

真

shin — True; real, genuine, or authentic.

影響

eikyō — Influence; effect or impact on someone or something.

与え

atae — To give; to grant or provide something to someone.

文芸

bungei — Literary arts; literature and artistic writing generally.

復興

fukkō — Revival; reconstruction or renewed flourishing of something.

政治

seiji — Politics; governance and the conduct of public affairs.

饗宴

kyōen — Banquet; feast, also title of Plato's Symposium.

又聞き

matagiki — Hearsay; secondhand information heard from another person.

繰り返さ

kurikaesa — To repeat; to say or do something again.

場合

baai — Case; situation or particular circumstance.

さえ

sae — Even; as long as, emphasizing an extreme case.

言葉

kotoba — Words; language or an expression used in speech.

断片

danpen — Fragment; a broken piece or incomplete portion.

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all possible kinds without exception.

時代

jidai — Era; an age or historical period of time.

人々

hitobito — People; many individuals, persons in general.

心

kokoro — Heart; mind, inner feelings or spirit.

魅了

miryō — To fascinate; to captivate or charm completely.

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; personally, by one's own effort.

より

yori — Than; from, indicating comparison or starting point.

高い

takai — High; tall or elevated in degree or position.

本性

honsei — True nature; one's inherent or essential character.

映し出さ

utsushidasa — To reflect; to project or mirror an image clearly.

見

mi — To see; to look at or perceive visually.

文学

bungaku — Literature; written works valued for artistic quality.

理想主義

risō shugi — Idealism; belief that ideals and ideas are primary reality.

父

chichi / fu — Father; a male parent or founding figure.