The Republic — Page 6
And many of the latest conceptions of modern thinkers and statesmen, such as the unity of knowledge, the reign of law, and the equality of the sexes, have been anticipated in a dream by him.
そして、知識の統一、法の支配、男女の平等といった、現代の思想家や政治家たちの最新の概念の多くが、彼によって夢の中でいち早く予見されていた。
The argument of the Republic is the search after Justice, the nature of which is first hinted at by Cephalus, the just and blameless old man—then discussed on the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and Polemarchus—then caricatured by Thrasymachus and partially explained by Socrates—reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus, and having become invisible in the individual reappears at length in the ideal State which is constructed by Socrates.
『国家』の議論は正義の探求であり、その本質はまず公正で非の打ちどころのない老人ケパロスによってほのめかされ、次いでソクラテスとポレマルコスによって格言的な道徳観を基盤として論じられ、さらにトラシュマコスによって戯画化されソクラテスによって部分的に説明され、グラウコンとアデイマントスによって抽象概念へと還元され、個人の中で見えなくなっていたものがついにはソクラテスによって構築される理想国家の中に再び現れる。
The first care of the rulers is to be education, of which an outline is drawn after the old Hellenic model, providing only for an improved religion and morality, and more simplicity in music and gymnastic, a manlier strain of poetry, and greater harmony of the individual and the State.
支配者たちの第一の関心事は教育であり、その概略は古代ギリシャの模範に倣って描かれ、改善された宗教と道徳、音楽と体育におけるより一層の簡素さ、より男らしい詩の流れ、そして個人と国家のより大きな調和のみを規定するものである。
We are thus led on to the conception of a higher State, in which 'no man calls anything his own,' and in which there is neither 'marrying nor giving in marriage,' and 'kings are philosophers' and 'philosophers are kings;' and there is another and higher education, intellectual as well as moral and religious, of science as well as of art, and not of youth only but of the whole of life.
こうして我々は、より高次の国家の構想へと導かれる。そこでは「何人も何物も自分のものと呼ばず」、「嫁取りも嫁入りもなく」、「王は哲学者であり」「哲学者は王である」。そしてそこには、道徳的・宗教的であるとともに知的な、芸術と同様に科学の、そして青年期だけでなく生涯全体にわたる、別のより高次の教育が存在する。
Such a State is hardly to be realized in this world and quickly degenerates.
このような国家は現実の世界ではほとんど実現されることなく、急速に堕落する。
Vocabulary
- そして
- soshite — Conjunction meaning 'and then' or 'and also'.
- 知識
- chishiki — Knowledge or information acquired through learning.
- の
- no — Possessive or nominalizing particle connecting nouns.
- 統一
- tōitsu — Unification or consolidation into one unified whole.
- 法
- hō — Law, rule, or legal system governing society.
- 支配
- shihai — Rule, control, or domination over people or territory.
- 男女
- danjo — Men and women; both sexes together.
- 平等
- byōdō — Equality or equal treatment among all people.
- と
- to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.
- いっ
- i(tta) — Past tense stem of 言う, meaning 'said'.
- た
- ta — Past tense auxiliary verb indicating completed action.
- 現代
- gendai — Modern era; the contemporary present age.
- 思想家
- shisōka — Thinker or intellectual who develops philosophical ideas.
- や
- ya — Particle listing examples non-exhaustively, meaning 'and/or'.
- 政治家
- seijika — Politician or statesman involved in governing affairs.
- たち
- tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate beings.
- 最新
- saishin — Latest, newest, or most up-to-date version.
- 概念
- gainen — Concept or abstract idea representing a category.
- 多く
- ōku — Many, much, or a large number of things.
- が
- ga — Subject-marking particle indicating the grammatical subject.
- 彼
- kare — Third-person masculine pronoun meaning 'he/him'.
- に
- ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or indirect object.
- よっ
- yo(tte) — Conjunctive form of よる, meaning 'by means of'.
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or related actions.
- 夢
- yume — Dream, either during sleep or an aspiration.
- 中
- naka/chū — Inside, middle, or within a space or group.
- で
- de — Particle indicating location of action or means.
- いち早く
- ichihayaku — At the earliest opportunity; promptly before anyone else.
- 予見
- yoken — Foresight; to foresee or predict future events.
- 国家
- kokka — Nation-state or the concept of a country's government.
- 議論
- giron — Argument, debate, or discussion of a topic.
- は
- wa — Topic-marking particle indicating what is being discussed.
- 正義
- seigi — Justice, righteousness, or moral correctness in actions.
- 探求
- tankyū — Pursuit or inquiry into something with deep interest.
- その
- sono — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that' or 'its'.
- 本質
- honshitsu — Essence or fundamental nature of something.
- まず
- mazu — First of all; to begin with; initially.
- 公正
- kōsei — Fairness, impartiality, and just treatment of all.
- 非
- hi — Prefix meaning 'non-' or 'un-'; negation of noun.
- 打ち
- uchi — Strike or hit; also used in compound expressions.
- どころ
- dokoro — Particle meaning 'far from' or 'not even close'.
- ない
- nai — Negative auxiliary meaning 'not' or 'there is not'.
- 老人
- rōjin — Elderly person; old man or woman.
- ほのめかさ
- honomekasa — To hint at or insinuate something subtly.
- 次い
- tsuide — Then next; following that in sequence.
- 格言
- kakugen — Proverb or maxim expressing a general truth concisely.
- 的
- teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ish', or 'pertaining to'.
- な
- na — Adjectival particle connecting na-adjectives to nouns.
- 道徳
- dōtoku — Morality or ethical principles guiding human behavior.
- 観
- kan — View, perspective, or way of seeing something.
- を
- wo/o — Direct object particle marking what receives the action.
- 基盤
- kiban — Foundation or base upon which something is built.
- 論じ
- ronji — To argue, discuss, or debate a point thoroughly.
- さら
- sara(ni) — Furthermore; even more; additionally beyond what was said.
- 戯画
- giga — Caricature or comic illustration exaggerating features satirically.
- 化
- ka — Suffix meaning '-ization' or 'to become/transform into'.
- 部分
- bubun — Part, portion, or section of a larger whole.
- 説明
- setsumei — Explanation or description clarifying something to someone.
- 抽象
- chūshō — Abstraction; dealing with ideas rather than concrete things.
- へ
- e — Directional particle indicating movement toward a destination.
- 還元
- kangen — Reduction or reversion to a more fundamental form.
- 個人
- kojin — Individual person as distinct from society or group.
- 見え
- mie — To be visible; to appear or seem to someone.
- なく
- naku — Negative conjunctive form meaning 'without' or 'not being'.
- なっ
- na(tte) — Conjunctive form of なる, meaning 'to become'.
- もの
- mono — Thing, object, or person; nominalizer for concepts.
- ついに
- tsui ni — Finally, at last, after a long time.
- 構築
- kōchiku — Construction or building up of a structure or system.
- 理想
- risō — Ideal; the perfect standard one aspires to achieve.
- 再び
- futatabi — Again, once more, a second time.
- 現れる
- arawareru — To appear, emerge, or come into view.
- 者
- mono/sha — Person; one who does something; suffix for persons.
- 第一
- dai-ichi — Number one; the first; primary or foremost.
- 関心
- kanshin — Interest or concern about a particular subject matter.
- 事
- koto — Thing, matter, or fact; nominalizer for verb phrases.
- 教育
- kyōiku — Education; the process of teaching and raising children.
- 概略
- gairyaku — Outline or summary of a subject's main points.
- 古代
- kodai — Ancient times; historical period long in the past.
- ギリシャ
- Girisha — Greece; the country of ancient and modern Hellenic civilization.
- 模範
- mohan — Model or exemplary standard worthy of being imitated.
- 倣っ
- nara(tte) — Following or imitating a model or example closely.
- 描か
- egaka — Stem of 描く; to draw, depict, or portray.
- 改善
- kaizen — Improvement or reform to make something better.
- 宗教
- shūkyō — Religion; organized system of belief in the divine.
- 音楽
- ongaku — Music; the art of combining sound and rhythm.
- 体育
- taiiku — Physical education; training of the body through exercise.
- おける
- okeru — In, at, or concerning a particular place or context.
- より
- yori — Comparative particle meaning 'more than' or 'from'.
- 一層
- issō — Even more; all the more; to a greater degree.
- 簡素
- kanso — Simple, plain, and unadorned in style or design.
- 男らしい
- otoko rashii — Manly, masculine, or befitting a man's character.
- 詩
- shi — Poetry; literary work composed in verse form.
- 流れ
- nagare — Flow, stream, or current; also a course of events.
- 大きな
- ōkina — Large, big, or great in size or significance.
- 調和
- chōwa — Harmony, balance, or accord among different elements.
- み
- mi — Noun suffix indicating a quality or state.
- 規定
- kitei — Regulation, rule, or stipulation defining something officially.
- する
- suru — To do; general verb for performing an action.
- ある
- aru — To exist or be; used for inanimate objects.
- こう
- kō — This way; in this manner; like this.
- 我々
- wareware — We, us; first-person plural pronoun used formally.
- 高次
- kōji — Higher order or level; of superior rank or degree.
- 構想
- kōsō — Concept, plan, or grand vision for something.
- 導か
- michibika — Stem of 導く; to guide, lead, or direct.
- そこ
- soko — There; that place; that point in discussion.
- 何人
- nannin/nanbito — How many people; or no one in legal usage.
- も
- mo — Particle meaning 'also', 'too', or emphatic 'even'.
- 何物
- nanimono — Anything; nothing; something of significance or identity.
- 自分
- jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun for first person reference.
- 呼ば
- yoba — Stem of 呼ぶ; to call, name, or summon.
- ず
- zu — Classical negative suffix meaning 'without doing'.
- 嫁
- yome — Bride, daughter-in-law, or young wife.
- 取り
- tori — Taking; getting; stem of 取る (to take/marry).
- 嫁入り
- yomei ri — Marriage entry; a woman entering her husband's home.
- 王
- ō — King, monarch, or ruler of a kingdom.
- 哲学
- tetsugaku — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence.
- とも
- tomo — Both; together with; even; regardless.
- 知的
- chiteki — Intellectual; relating to the intellect or mental activity.
- 芸術
- geijutsu — Art; fine arts as a form of creative expression.
- 同様
- dōyō — Similarly; in the same way; likewise.
- 科学
- kagaku — Science; systematic study of the natural world.
- 青年
- seinen — Youth; a young person typically in early adulthood.
- 期
- ki — Period, phase, or term of time; suffix for eras.
- だけ
- dake — Only, just, or merely; limiting to one thing.
- 生涯
- shōgai — One's entire life or lifetime; lifelong span.
- 全体
- zentai — The whole, entire, or overall totality of something.
- わたる
- wataru — To span, extend over, or cover a period.
- 別
- betsu — Separate, different, or distinct from something else.
- 存在
- sonzai — Existence or being; the state of existing.
- この
- kono — This (near speaker); demonstrative adjective for proximity.
- よう
- yō — Like, similar to; appearance or manner of something.
- 現実
- genjitsu — Reality; the actual state of things as they are.
- 世界
- sekai — World; the earth or a particular domain of existence.
- ほとんど
- hotondo — Almost, nearly, or hardly any; most of something.
- 実現
- jitsugen — Realization or actualization of a dream or plan.
- こと
- koto — Thing, fact, or matter; nominalizer for verb phrases.
- 急速
- kyūsoku — Rapid, swift, or fast-paced development or change.
- 堕落
- daraku — Moral degradation, corruption, or falling into depravity.
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