The Republic — Page 7

English → Japanese INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

To the perfect ideal succeeds the government of the soldier and the lover of honour, this again declining into democracy, and democracy into tyranny, in an imaginary but regular order having not much resemblance to the actual facts.

完全な理想に続くのは、兵士と名誉を愛する者の支配であり、これがさらに民主政治へと衰退し、民主政治が僭主政治へと移行する。これは想像上の規則的な順序ではあるが、実際の事実とはあまり似ていない。

When 'the wheel has come full circle' we do not begin again with a new period of human life; but we have passed from the best to the worst, and there we end.

「車輪が一回りした」とき、我々は人間の生の新たな時代を再び始めるのではなく、最善から最悪へと移り、そこで終わるのである。

The subject is then changed and the old quarrel of poetry and philosophy which had been more lightly treated in the earlier books of the Republic is now resumed and fought out to a conclusion.

次いで主題が変わり、『国家』の前の巻でより軽く扱われていた詩と哲学の古い論争が今や再開され、結論まで戦い抜かれる。

Poetry is discovered to be an imitation thrice removed from the truth, and Homer, as well as the dramatic poets, having been condemned as an imitator, is sent into banishment along with them.

詩は真実から三段階離れた模倣であることが明らかにされ、ホメロスは劇詩人たちとともに模倣者として断罪され、彼らとともに追放される。

And the idea of the State is supplemented by the revelation of a future life.

そして国家の理念は、来世の啓示によって補完される。

The division into books, like all similar divisions (Cp. Sir G.C. Lewis in the Classical Museum, vol. ii. p 1.), is probably later than the age of Plato.

書物への分割は、すべての同様の分割と同じく（古典博物館第2巻1頁のG・C・ルイス卿を参照）、おそらくプラトンの時代より後のことである。

The natural divisions are five in number;—(1) Book I and the first half of Book II down to the paragraph beginning, 'I had always admired the genius of Glaucon and Adeimantus,' which is introductory;

自然な区分は五つある。すなわち、（1）第一巻と第二巻の前半部分で、「私はかねてよりグラウコンとアデイマントスの才能を称賛していた」という段落まで、これは序論にあたる。

the first book containing a refutation of the popular and sophistical notions of justice, and concluding, like some of the earlier Dialogues, without arriving at any definite result.

第一巻は、正義に関する通俗的かつ詭弁的な概念の論駁を含み、初期の対話篇のいくつかと同様に、いかなる明確な結論にも達することなく終わる。

Vocabulary

完全: kanzen — Perfect, complete, flawless in every way.
な: na — Grammatical particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.
理想: risō — Ideal; an ultimate goal or perfect standard.
に: ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or time.
続く: tsuzuku — To continue, follow, or succeed something.
の: no — Possessive or nominalizing particle in Japanese.
は: wa — Topic-marking particle highlighting sentence subject.
兵士: heishi — Soldier; a member of an armed military force.
と: to — Particle meaning 'and' or quotation marker.
名誉: meiyo — Honor, glory, or prestige earned through conduct.
を: wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object.
愛する: aisuru — To love deeply; to cherish someone or something.
者: mono — Person; one who does or embodies something.
支配: shihai — Rule, domination, or control over others.
で: de — Particle indicating location of action or means.
あり: ari — Linking verb form meaning 'is' or 'exists'.
これ: kore — This; proximal demonstrative pronoun in Japanese.
が: ga — Subject-marking particle identifying grammatical subject.
さら: sara — Further, moreover; indicating additional progression.
民主: minshu — Democracy; rule by the people collectively.
政治: seiji — Politics; the governance and administration of society.
へ: e — Directional particle meaning 'toward' or 'to'.
衰退: suitai — Decline, decay, or deterioration of something.
し: shi — Conjunctive verb form linking sequential actions.
僭主: senshu — Tyrant; one who seizes power illegitimately.
移行: ikō — Transition or shift to a different state.
する: suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.
想像: sōzō — Imagination; forming mental images or concepts.
上: ue — Above, on top, or in terms of something.
規則: kisoku — Rule, regulation, or established principle.
的: teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ish', or '-al'.
順序: junjo — Order, sequence, or proper arrangement of things.
ある: aru — To exist; there is something (inanimate).
実際: jissai — Actually, in reality; practical truth of matters.
事実: jijitsu — Fact; something that is objectively true.
あまり: amari — Not very; too much; excessively (with negation).
似: ni — Resemblance; to resemble or look like something.
て: te — Conjunctive particle connecting clauses sequentially.
い: i — Auxiliary verb indicating ongoing state or action.
ない: nai — Negation; not; does not exist or occur.
車輪: sharin — Wheel; a circular rotating mechanical component.
一: ichi — One; the first numeral in Japanese counting.
回り: mawari — A turn, rotation, or going around something.
た: ta — Past tense auxiliary verb indicating completed action.
とき: toki — Time, moment, or occasion when something happens.
我々: wareware — We, us; first-person plural pronoun (formal).
人間: ningen — Human being; humanity as a collective species.
生: sei/shō — Life, birth, or living existence of beings.
新た: arata — New, fresh, or renewed in character or form.
時代: jidai — Era, age, or historical period of time.
再び: futatabi — Again, once more; repeating a previous action.
始める: hajimeru — To begin, start, or initiate something new.
なく: naku — Without; negating noun or adjective in clause.
最善: saizen — The best; optimal outcome or course of action.
から: kara — From; particle indicating origin or starting point.
最悪: saiaku — The worst; most unfavorable possible situation.
移り: utsuri — Shifting, transitioning, or moving from one state.
そこ: soko — There; that place somewhat distant from speaker.
終わる: owaru — To end, finish, or conclude an activity.
次い: tsuide — Next, following, subsequently after something else.
主題: shudai — Theme, subject matter, or main topic discussed.
変わり: kawari — Change, shift, or transformation to something different.
国家: kokka — State, nation, or political body; also Plato's Republic.
前: mae — Before, front, or previous in time or space.
巻: kan — Volume or book within a larger written work.
より: yori — Than; comparative particle or 'from' in context.
軽く: karuku — Lightly, briefly, or with little weight or emphasis.
扱わ: atsukaawa — Treated, handled, or dealt with in some manner.
れ: re — Passive verb suffix indicating action done to subject.
詩: shi — Poetry; literary art form using verse and meter.
哲学: tetsugaku — Philosophy; study of fundamental questions of existence.
古い: furui — Old, ancient, or long-established in age.
論争: ronsō — Controversy, dispute, or intellectual debate between parties.
今や: imaya — Now, at this point; indicating a current moment.
再開: saikai — Resumption; restarting something that was paused.
さ: sa — Nominalizing suffix or softening sentence-final particle.
結論: ketsuron — Conclusion; final judgment reached after reasoning.
まで: made — Until, up to, as far as a point.
戦い: tatakai — Battle, fight, or struggle against opposition.
抜か: nuka — To pull through; persevere to the very end.
れる: reru — Passive or potential verb suffix in Japanese.
真実: shinjitsu — Truth; what is genuinely real or factual.
三: san — Three; the numeral 3 in Japanese.
段階: dankai — Stage, step, or level in a process.
離れ: hanare — Separated, removed, or distanced from something.
模倣: mohō — Imitation, mimicry, or copying of something original.
こと: koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verbal phrases.
明らか: akiraka — Clear, evident, or obvious to all observers.
劇: geki — Drama, play, or theatrical performance on stage.
詩人: shijin — Poet; a person who writes or recites poetry.
たち: tachi — Pluralizing suffix for people or living beings.
とも: tomo — Both; together with; even (concessive nuance).
として: toshite — As, in the role of; functioning in some capacity.
断罪: danzai — Condemnation, conviction, or strong moral censure.
彼ら: karera — They, them; third-person masculine or mixed plural.
追放: tsuihō — Banishment, expulsion, or exile from a place.
そして: soshite — And then, furthermore; connecting consecutive ideas.
理念: rinen — Principle, ideal, or guiding philosophical concept.
来世: raise — Afterlife, next world; life following one's death.
啓示: keiji — Revelation; divine disclosure of hidden spiritual truth.
よって: yotte — By means of; therefore; due to something.
補完: hokan — Complementing or supplementing to make something whole.
書物: shomotsu — Book, written work, or literary document.
分割: bunkatsu — Division, partition, or splitting into separate parts.
すべて: subete — All, everything, every single item or person.
同様: dōyō — Similarly, likewise; in the same manner as.
同じく: onajiku — Similarly, equally; in the same way too.
古典: koten — Classic, classical work; traditional literary heritage.
博物館: hakubutsukan — Museum; institution preserving and displaying historical artifacts.
第: dai — Ordinal prefix meaning 'number' or 'the Nth'.
頁: pēji — Page; a leaf or side of a written document.
卿: kyō — Lord, Sir; honorific title for a nobleman.
参照: sanshō — Reference, consultation; see also a cited source.
おそらく: osoraku — Probably, perhaps; expressing likelihood or conjecture.
後: ato/go — After, behind, later in time or sequence.
自然: shizen — Nature; the natural world; also natural, spontaneous.
区分: kubun — Division, classification, or categorization into sections.
五つ: itsutsu — Five items; the number five counted in Japanese.
すなわち: sunawachi — Namely, that is to say; clarifying what precedes.
二: ni — Two; the second numeral in Japanese counting.
前半: zenhan — First half; the earlier portion of something.
部分: bubun — Part, portion, or section of a larger whole.
私: watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun (neutral).
かねて: kanete — Previously, long since; for some time already.
才能: sainō — Talent, ability, or natural gift for something.
称賛: shōsan — Praise, admiration, or commendation for someone's achievement.
という: to iu — Called, named; quoting or defining something.
段落: danraku — Paragraph; a distinct section of written text.
序論: joron — Introduction, preface; opening section of a work.
あたる: ataru — To correspond to; to amount to; to apply.
正義: seigi — Justice, righteousness; acting fairly and morally.
関する: kansuru — Concerning, regarding; related to a topic.
通俗: tsūzoku — Popular, common; accessible to ordinary people.
かつ: katsu — And also; moreover; simultaneously combining two elements.
詭弁: kiben — Sophistry, fallacious reasoning; cleverly deceptive argument.
概念: gainen — Concept, notion, or abstract idea about something.
論駁: ronbaku — Refutation; disproving an argument through counter-reasoning.
含み: fukumi — Including, containing; implying something within its scope.
初期: shoki — Early period, initial stage of something's development.
対話: taiwa — Dialogue, conversation, or philosophical exchange between parties.
篇: hen — Chapter, volume, or distinct literary piece or dialogue.
いくつか: ikutsuka — Some, several; an unspecified small number of things.
いかなる: ikanaru — Any, whatever; of any kind whatsoever (formal).
明確: meikaku — Clear, definite, unambiguous in meaning or intention.
も: mo — Also, too, even; inclusive or emphatic particle.
達する: tassuru — To reach, attain, or arrive at a goal.

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