The Republic — Page 9

Vocabulary

ある

aru — To exist; to be (for inanimate things)

より

yori — From; than; by means of

一般的

ippanteki — General; common; typical; widely applicable

な

na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives

二部

nibu — Two parts; two sections; bipartite

構成

kousei — Composition; structure; organization of parts

が

ga — Subject marker particle; but; however

採用

saiyou — Adoption; employment; hiring; acceptance of a method

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix; passive auxiliary fragment

れる

reru — Passive or potential verb suffix

こと

koto — Thing; fact; matter; nominalizer

も

mo — Also; too; even; as well

第一部

daiichibu — Part one; the first section of a work

第一巻

daiikkan — Volume one; the first volume of a series

から

kara — From; since; because; starting point marker

第四巻

daiyonkan — Volume four; the fourth volume of a series

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the subject

ギリシャ

girisha — Greece; Greek (loanword)

的

teki — Suffix meaning -ic, -like, -related to

宗教

shuukyou — Religion; religious belief or practice

と

to — And; with; quotation particle

道徳

doutoku — Morality; ethics; moral principles

の

no — Possessive/linking particle; of

観念

kannen — Idea; notion; concept; sense of something

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or target

概ね

おおむね (oomune) — Generally; mostly; on the whole

従っ

shitagat(te) — Following; obeying; in accordance with (te-form)

て

te — Te-form connective particle linking verb phrases

構築

kouchiku — Construction; building; structuring of a system

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb marker

国家

kokka — State; nation; country as a political entity

描写

byousha — Description; depiction; portrayal of something

を

wo — Object marker particle for direct objects

含み

fukumi — Including; containing; implication (masu-stem)

第二部

dainibuu — Part two; the second section of a work

第五巻

Volume five; the fifth volume of a series

第十巻

daijuukkan — Volume ten; the tenth volume of a series

で

de — At; in; by means of (location or means particle)

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; love of wisdom as academic discipline

理想的

risouteki — Ideal; perfect; representing the best possible state

王国

oukoku — Kingdom; realm ruled by a king

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward something

変容

henyou — Transformation; metamorphosis; change in form

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form; and; moreover

他

hoka — Other; another; the rest; besides

あらゆる

arayuru — All; every; every possible kind of

統治

touchi — Governance; rule; administration of a state

形態

keitai — Form; mode; shape; type of structure

その

sono — That; those (refers to something near listener)

堕落

daraku — Corruption; degradation; moral decline; degeneration

もの

mono — Thing; person; object; nominalizer for explanations

この

kono — This (demonstrative adjective near the speaker)

二つ

futatsu — Two things; a pair (native Japanese counter)

観点

kanten — Viewpoint; perspective; standpoint; point of view

実際

jissai — Actually; in reality; in practice; actual fact

相

ai / sou — Mutually; aspect; phase; each other

対立

tairitsu — Conflict; opposition; confrontation between two sides

する

suru — To do; to perform; general action verb

あり

ari — To exist; there is (classical/conjunctive form)

プラトン

puraton — Plato; ancient Greek philosopher (loanword)

天才

tensai — Genius; extraordinary natural talent or ability

よって

yotte — By; due to; therefore; by means of

かろうじて

karoujite — Barely; just barely; with great difficulty

覆い隠さ

oikakusa — Concealing; covering up; hiding from view

いる

iru — To be; to exist (for animate beings)

すぎ

sugi — Too much; excessively; going beyond proper limit

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary adjective

パイドロス

paidorosu — Phaedrus; a dialogue written by Plato (loanword)

同様

douyou — Similarly; in the same way; likewise

序文

jobun — Preface; foreword; introductory statement in text

参照

sanshou — Reference; cross-reference; referring to a source

不完全

fukanzen — Incomplete; imperfect; lacking wholeness or finish

全体

zentai — Whole; entirety; overall; the entire thing

高い

takai — High; tall; expensive; elevated

光

hikari — Light; radiance; beam of illumination

神殿

shinden — Temple; shrine; sacred hall of worship

整然

seizen — Orderly; well-organized; neat and systematic

秩序

chitsujo — Order; discipline; systematic arrangement of things

突き破り

tsukiyaburi — Breaking through; piercing; smashing past a barrier

つい

tsui — Inadvertently; just; unintentionally; before one knows

天空

tenkuu — Sky; heavens; the vast expanse above earth

消え去っ

kiesatt(e) — Vanishing; disappearing completely; fading away (te-form)

いく

iku — To go; to proceed; auxiliary indicating ongoing action

構造

kouzou — Structure; framework; construction; organization

上

ue / jou — Above; on top; upper; in terms of

計画

keikaku — Plan; project; scheme; organized intention

拡張

kakuchou — Expansion; extension; enlargement of scope

生じ

shouji — To arise; to occur; to be produced (masu-stem)

か

ka — Question particle; or; uncertainty marker

著者

chosha — Author; writer; person who wrote the work

自身

jishin — Oneself; one's own self; personally

心

kokoro — Heart; mind; spirit; inner feelings

中

naka / chuu — Inside; middle; among; within

格闘

kakutou — Struggle; grappling; wrestling with a problem

思想

shisou — Thought; ideology; philosophical ideas or beliefs

諸

sho — Various; many; all (prefix for plural nouns)

要素

youso — Element; factor; component; constituent part

初めて

hajimete — For the first time; first occasion of something

一つ

hitotsu — One thing; a single item (native Japanese counter)

まとめ

matome — Summary; compilation; putting things together

られ

rare — Passive/potential auxiliary verb fragment

ながら

nagara — While; although; even though; simultaneously

しか

shika — Only; nothing but (used with negative verb)

調和

chouwa — Harmony; balance; accord between elements

なかっ

nakat(ta) — Was not; did not have (negative past fragment)

おそらく

osoraku — Probably; perhaps; most likely; presumably

作品

sakuhin — Work; piece; artistic or literary creation

異なる

kotonaru — To differ; to be different; to vary

時期

jiki — Period; time; season; particular phase or stage

執筆

shippitsu — Writing; authoring; putting pen to paper

これ

kore — This; this thing (near the speaker)

ら

ra — Plural suffix; and others; et cetera

イリアス

iriasu — Iliad; ancient Greek epic poem by Homer

オデュッセイア

odyusseia — Odyssey; ancient Greek epic poem by Homer

問い

toi — Question; inquiry; something asked or pondered

同じく

onajiku — Likewise; similarly; equally; in the same way

問う

tou — To ask; to question; to inquire about something

だけ

dake — Only; just; as much as; merely

価値

kachi — Value; worth; merit; importance of something

明確

meikaku — Clear; definite; unambiguous; distinctly certain

答え

kotae — Answer; response; solution to a question

出す

dasu — To put out; to produce; to bring forth

でき

deki — To be able to; can; to be completed (masu-stem)

時代

jidai — Era; age; period; historical epoch

定まっ

sadamat(te) — To be settled; to be decided; fixed (te-form)

出版

shuppan — Publication; publishing; release of a printed work

方式

houshiki — Method; system; formula; established way of doing

という

to iu — Called; known as; that says; quotation marker

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; presence; to exist

ず

zu — Negative verb ending; without doing; classical negative

ごく

goku — Extremely; very; utterly; to the utmost degree

少数

shousuu — Small number; minority; few people or things

友人

yuujin — Friend; companion; personal acquaintance

知ら

shira — To know; to be aware of (negative/conjunctive base)

改変

kaihen — Alteration; modification; changing existing content

たり

tari — Listing actions alternately; doing things like…

加筆

kahitsu — Addition; supplementary writing; adding to a text

それほど

sorehodo — That much; to that extent; so very much

躊躇

chuucho — Hesitation; reluctance; wavering before a decision

感じ

kanji — Feeling; sense; impression; sensation

あろ

aro — Volitional form of ある; probably is; presumably

う

u — Volitional auxiliary; let's; probably; conjecture marker