The Republic — Page 11

English → Japanese INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Tried by this test, several of the Platonic Dialogues, according to our modern ideas, appear to be defective, but the deficiency is no proof that they were composed at different times or by different hands.

この基準で判断すると、プラトンの対話篇のいくつかは、現代の私たちの考えによれば欠陥があるように見えるが、その欠陥は、それらが異なる時期に、あるいは異なる人物の手によって書かれたことの証明にはならない。

And the supposition that the Republic was written uninterruptedly and by a continuous effort is in some degree confirmed by the numerous references from one part of the work to another.

そして、『国家』が中断されることなく継続的な努力によって書かれたという仮説は、作品のある部分から別の部分への数多くの相互参照によって、ある程度裏付けられている。

The second title, 'Concerning Justice,' is not the one by which the Republic is quoted, either by Aristotle or generally in antiquity, and, like the other second titles of the Platonic Dialogues, may therefore be assumed to be of later date.

第二の題名である「正義について」は、アリストテレスによっても古代一般においても、『国家』を引用する際に使われる題名ではなく、プラトンの対話篇の他の第二題名と同様に、後世のものと見なしてよいであろう。

Morgenstern and others have asked whether the definition of justice, which is the professed aim, or the construction of the State is the principal argument of the work.

モルゲンシュテルンをはじめとする人々は、公言された目的である正義の定義と、国家の構築とのどちらが、この作品の主要な論題であるかを問うてきた。

The answer is, that the two blend in one, and are two faces of the same truth; for justice is the order of the State, and the State is the visible embodiment of justice under the conditions of human society.

その答えは、両者は一つに融合しており、同一の真理の二つの側面であるということである。なぜなら、正義は国家の秩序であり、国家は人間社会の条件のもとで正義を目に見える形で体現したものだからである。

The one is the soul and the other is the body, and the Greek ideal of the State, as of the individual, is a fair mind in a fair body.

一方は魂であり、他方は身体であり、個人の場合と同様に、国家に関するギリシャの理想は、美しい身体の中に宿る美しい精神である。

In Hegelian phraseology the state is the reality of which justice is the idea.

ヘーゲルの用語法では、国家は正義がイデアであるところの現実である。

Vocabulary

この: kono — This (demonstrative adjective modifying a noun).
基準: kijun — Standard, criterion, or benchmark for judgment.
で: de — Particle indicating means, location, or scope.
判断: handan — Judgment, decision, or assessment of something.
する: suru — To do; general-purpose action verb.
と: to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or 'if/when'.
の: no — Possessive or linking particle between nouns.
対話篇: taiwahen — Dialogue; a philosophical work in dialogue form.
いくつか: ikutsuka — Some, a few; indefinite small number of things.
は: wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the subject.
現代: gendai — Modern times; the contemporary era.
私: watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun.
たち: tachi — Plural suffix meaning 'we' or 'they'.
考え: kangae — Thought, idea, or way of thinking.
に: ni — Particle indicating direction, time, or target.
よれば: yoreba — According to; based on a stated source.
ば: ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'.
欠陥: kekkan — Defect, flaw, or shortcoming in something.
が: ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar.
ある: aru — To exist; to be (for inanimate things).
よう: you — Appears to be; seems like; resemblance expression.
見える: mieru — To appear, seem, or be visible.
その: sono — That (demonstrative adjective near the listener).
それら: sorera — Those; plural demonstrative pronoun for things.
異なる: kotonaru — To differ, be different, or vary.
時期: jiki — Period, time, or season of occurrence.
あるいは: aruiwa — Or, alternatively; presenting another possibility.
人物: jinbutsu — Person, figure, or character of note.
手: te — Hand; by means of (someone's agency).
よって: yotte — By means of; due to; therefore.
書かれた: kakareta — Was written; passive past form of 'to write'.
こと: koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verb phrases.
証明: shomei — Proof, evidence, or demonstration of a fact.
ならない: naranai — Does not become; must not; cannot conclude.
そして: soshite — And then; furthermore; connecting sentences.
国家: kokka — State, nation; also Plato's Republic.
中断: chudan — Interruption, suspension, or breaking off midway.
される: sareru — To be done; passive form of 'suru'.
なく: naku — Without; negative conjunctive form of 'nai'.
継続: keizoku — Continuation, sustained effort over time.
的: teki — Suffix forming adjectives meaning '-like' or '-al'.
な: na — Adjectival linking particle connecting na-adjectives.
努力: doryoku — Effort, endeavor, or hard work toward a goal.
いう: iu — To say; called; referred to as.
仮説: kasetsu — Hypothesis, assumption, or tentative theory.
作品: sakuhin — Work, piece; literary or artistic creation.
部分: bubun — Part, portion, or section of a whole.
から: kara — From; because; starting point particle.
別: betsu — Different, separate, another; distinction.
へ: e — Directional particle meaning 'toward' or 'to'.
数多く: kazuooku — Numerously; a great many; in large numbers.
相互: sogo — Mutual, reciprocal; between each other.
参照: sansho — Reference, cross-reference; consulting a source.
程度: teido — Degree, extent, or level of something.
裏付け: urazuke — Corroboration, backing, or supporting evidence.
られている: rarete iru — Is being supported; passive progressive state.
第二: daini — Second; the number two in ordinal form.
題名: daimei — Title of a book, work, or piece.
正義: seigi — Justice, righteousness; moral correctness.
について: ni tsuite — About, concerning, regarding a topic.
も: mo — Also, too; inclusive particle adding information.
古代: kodai — Ancient times; antiquity; the ancient era.
一般: ippan — General, common; in general or broadly.
において: ni oite — In, at, within; formal locative expression.
を: wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object.
引用: in'you — Quotation, citation; quoting a source.
際: sai — Occasion, time, moment when something occurs.
使われた: tsukawareta — Was used; passive past tense of 'to use'.
他: hoka — Other, another; the rest; elsewhere.
同様: doyou — Similarly, likewise; in the same way.
後世: kōsei — Posterity, later generations; future ages.
もの: mono — Thing, object; nominalizer for concepts or people.
見なして: minashite — Regarding as; treating as; deeming to be.
よいであろう: yoi dearou — It would probably be good or acceptable.
はじめ: hajime — Beginning; including; starting with someone.
人々: hitobito — People; various persons; folk in general.
公言: kougen — Public declaration; openly stating one's view.
目的: mokuteki — Purpose, goal, or objective of an action.
定義: teigi — Definition; precise explanation of a concept.
構築: kouchiku — Construction, building up; systematic development.
どちら: dochira — Which one (of two); polite question word.
主要: shuyou — Main, primary, principal; most important.
論題: rondai — Topic of argument; subject under discussion.
か: ka — Question marker particle; or (between alternatives).
問うべき: toubeki — Should be asked; worth questioning or inquiring.
答え: kotae — Answer, response, or solution to a question.
両者: ryousha — Both parties; both items under comparison.
一つ: hitotsu — One; one thing; a single unit.
融合: yuugou — Fusion, merger, blending into one entity.
しており: shite ori — Is doing; ongoing state of action.
同一: dōitsu — Identical, same; one and the same thing.
真理: shinri — Truth; fundamental or philosophical truth.
二つ: futatsu — Two; two things or aspects of something.
側面: sokumen — Aspect, side, or facet of a subject.
なぜなら: nazenara — Because; introducing the reason for something.
秩序: chitsujo — Order, organization, or structured arrangement.
あり: ari — There is; existing; conjunctive form of 'aru'.
人間: ningen — Human being, person; humanity in general.
社会: shakai — Society, community; organized human groups.
条件: jouken — Condition, requirement, or prerequisite.
もとで: moto de — Under (conditions); based on; beneath.
目: me — Eye; also used for 'point of view'.
形: katachi — Form, shape, or appearance of something.
体現: taigen — Embodiment; personifying or materializing an idea.
だ: da — Copula; plain form of 'is' or 'are'.
一方: ippou — On one hand; one side; meanwhile.
魂: tamashii — Soul, spirit; inner essence of a being.
他方: tahou — On the other hand; the other side.
身体: shintai — Body; physical form of a living being.
個人: kojin — Individual, private person; one's own self.
場合: baai — Case, situation, or circumstance.
関する: kansuru — To relate to, concern, or be about.
ギリシャ: Girisha — Greece; relating to Greek culture or thought.
理想: risou — Ideal; perfect conception or aspiration.
美しい: utsukushii — Beautiful, lovely; aesthetically pleasing.
中: naka — Inside, within, among; middle of something.
宿る: yadoru — To dwell within; to reside or be embodied.
精神: seishin — Spirit, mind, mentality; inner mental state.
用語法: yougouhou — Terminology, usage of specific terms or vocabulary.
イデア: Idea — Idea (Platonic); the perfect form of things.
ところ: tokoro — Place; point; situation; 'when it comes to'.
現実: genjitsu — Reality, actuality; the real world as it is.

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