The Republic — Page 12
Or, described in Christian language, the kingdom of God is within, and yet developes into a Church or external kingdom; 'the house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens,' is reduced to the proportions of an earthly building.
あるいはキリスト教的な言葉で表現するならば、神の王国は内にあり、それでも教会あるいは外的な王国へと発展する。「手によらず作られた家、天において永遠なるもの」は、地上の建物の規模にまで縮小される。
Or, to use a Platonic image, justice and the State are the warp and the woof which run through the whole texture.
あるいはプラトン的なイメージを用いるならば、正義と国家は全体の織物を貫く縦糸と横糸である。
And when the constitution of the State is completed, the conception of justice is not dismissed, but reappears under the same or different names throughout the work, both as the inner law of the individual soul, and finally as the principle of rewards and punishments in another life.
そして国家の構成が完成されたとき、正義の概念は退けられることなく、同じあるいは異なる名のもとに著作全体を通じて再び現れ、個人の魂の内なる法としても、また最終的には来世における賞罰の原理としても登場する。
The virtues are based on justice, of which common honesty in buying and selling is the shadow, and justice is based on the idea of good, which is the harmony of the world, and is reflected both in the institutions of states and in motions of the heavenly bodies (cp. Tim. 47).
諸徳は正義に基づいており、売買における一般的な誠実さはその影に過ぎず、正義は善のイデアに基づいており、それは世界の調和であり、国家の制度にも天体の運動にも反映されている（ティマイオス47参照）。
The Timaeus, which takes up the political rather than the ethical side of the Republic, and is chiefly occupied with hypotheses concerning the outward world, yet contains many indications that the same law is supposed to reign over the State, over nature, and over man.
ティマイオスは、国家論の倫理的側面よりも政治的側面を取り上げ、主として外的世界に関する仮説を扱っているが、それでも同一の法則が国家、自然、そして人間を支配すると想定されていることを示す多くの徴候を含んでいる。
Too much, however, has been made of this question both in ancient and modern times.
しかしながら、この問題は古代においても近代においても過度に重視されてきた。
There is a stage of criticism in which all works, whether of nature or of art, are referred to design.
批評には、自然の作品であれ芸術の作品であれ、すべてが意図へと帰せられる段階がある。
Vocabulary
- ある
- aru — To exist; to be present (inanimate things)
- キリスト教
- kirisutokyō — Christianity; the Christian religion
- 的
- teki — Suffix forming adjectives meaning '-ic' or '-al'
- な
- na — Adjectival linking particle; negative imperative form
- 言葉
- kotoba — Word; language; expression; speech
- で
- de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause
- 表現
- hyōgen — Expression; representation; articulation of ideas
- する
- suru — To do; to perform an action
- なら
- nara — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'in that case'
- ば
- ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if; when'
- 神
- kami — God; deity; divine being
- の
- no — Possessive/linking particle connecting nouns
- 王国
- ōkoku — Kingdom; realm ruled by a king
- は
- wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the subject
- 内
- nai / uchi — Inside; within; interior
- に
- ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or time
- それ
- sore — That; it (referring to something previously mentioned)
- でも
- demo — Even so; but; however; even
- 教会
- kyōkai — Church; Christian place of worship
- 外的
- gaiteki — External; outward; pertaining to the outside
- へ
- e — Directional particle meaning 'toward; to'
- と
- to — Particle meaning 'and; with; quotation marker'
- 発展
- hatten — Development; growth; expansion of something
- 手
- te — Hand; hands (body part)
- より
- yori — Than; from; by means of (comparative/source particle)
- 作ら
- tsukura — Stem form of 'to make; to create; to build'
- れ
- re — Passive/potential auxiliary verb suffix
- た
- ta — Past tense auxiliary verb suffix
- 家
- ie / ya — House; home; dwelling place
- 天
- ten — Heaven; sky; the divine realm above
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential actions
- 永遠
- eien — Eternity; forever; everlasting existence
- なる
- naru — To become; attributive form meaning 'that is'
- もの
- mono — Thing; object; something tangible or abstract
- 地上
- chijō — On the earth; above ground; terrestrial
- 建物
- tatemono — Building; structure; constructed edifice
- 規模
- kibō — Scale; size; scope of something
- まで
- made — Until; up to; as far as (limit particle)
- 縮小
- shukushō — Reduction; shrinkage; scaling down in size
- さ
- sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives or passive connector
- れる
- reru — Passive auxiliary verb meaning 'to be done'
- イメージ
- imēji — Image; mental picture; concept or impression
- を
- o — Object marker particle indicating direct object
- 用いる
- mochiiru — To use; to employ; to make use of
- 正義
- seigi — Justice; righteousness; fairness
- 国家
- kokka — Nation; state; country as a political entity
- 全体
- zentai — Whole; entirety; the entire thing
- 織物
- orimono — Woven fabric; textile; cloth
- 貫く
- tsuranuku — To pierce through; to run through consistently
- そして
- soshite — And then; and; furthermore (conjunctive)
- 構成
- kōsei — Composition; structure; makeup of something
- が
- ga — Subject marker particle; but (conjunctive)
- 完成
- kansei — Completion; perfection; finishing something fully
- とき
- toki — Time; moment; when something occurs
- 概念
- gainen — Concept; notion; abstract idea
- 退け
- shirizo-ke — Stem of 'to reject; to dismiss; to set aside'
- られる
- rareru — Passive/potential auxiliary verb suffix
- こと
- koto — Thing; fact; nominalizing abstract actions or states
- なく
- naku — Without; not having (negative conjunctive form)
- 同じ
- onaji — Same; identical; equal in nature
- 異なる
- kotonaru — To differ; to be different; to vary
- 名
- na / mei — Name; title; designation
- もと
- moto — Under; basis; origin; foundation
- 著作
- chosaku — Written work; literary composition; authored text
- 通じ
- tsūji — Through; by way of; via (connective form)
- 再び
- futatabi — Again; once more; a second time
- 現れ
- araware — Appearance; manifestation; emergence of something
- 個人
- kojin — Individual; private person; single human being
- 魂
- tamashii — Soul; spirit; inner essence of a person
- 内なる
- uchinaru — Inner; internal; dwelling within oneself
- 法
- hō / nori — Law; rule; principle; dharma
- として
- toshite — As; in the capacity of; in the role of
- も
- mo — Also; too; even (inclusive particle)
- また
- mata — Also; again; moreover; in addition
- 最終
- saishū — Final; last; ultimate; conclusive
- 来世
- raise — Afterlife; next world; life after death
- おける
- okeru — Located in; pertaining to; in the context of
- 賞罰
- shōbatsu — Reward and punishment; system of incentives
- 原理
- genri — Principle; fundamental rule or theory
- 登場
- tōjō — Appearance; entry onto the scene; debut
- 基づい
- motodzui — Based on; grounded in (conjunctive form)
- 売買
- baibai — Buying and selling; commerce; trade
- 一般
- ippan — General; common; ordinary; universal
- 誠実
- seijitsu — Sincere; honest; faithful; trustworthy
- その
- sono — That; those (attributive demonstrative pronoun)
- 影
- kage — Shadow; shade; reflection; dim image
- 過ぎ
- sugi — Too much; excess; passing beyond a limit
- 善
- zen — Goodness; virtue; moral good
- 世界
- sekai — World; realm; universe; global sphere
- 調和
- chōwa — Harmony; balance; accord between elements
- 制度
- seido — System; institution; established social structure
- 天体
- tentai — Celestial body; heavenly object like star or planet
- 運動
- undō — Movement; motion; exercise; campaign
- 反映
- han'ei — Reflection; mirroring; representing something else
- いる
- iru — To be; to exist (animate beings)
- 参照
- sanshō — Reference; consultation; see also (citation term)
- 倫理
- rinri — Ethics; morality; moral principles
- 側面
- sokumen — Aspect; facet; side dimension of a topic
- 政治
- seiji — Politics; governance; political affairs
- 取り上げ
- toriage — Taking up; addressing; picking up a topic
- 主として
- shutoshite — Mainly; primarily; chiefly; for the most part
- 関する
- kansuru — To relate to; to concern; to be about
- 仮説
- kasetsu — Hypothesis; tentative theory; assumption
- 扱っ
- atsukatte / atsukatt- — Dealing with; handling; treating (conjunctive form)
- 同一
- dōitsu — Identical; same; one and the same
- 法則
- hōsoku — Law; rule; principle governing phenomena
- 自然
- shizen — Nature; natural world; occurring naturally
- 人間
- ningen — Human being; mankind; person
- 支配
- shihai — Control; domination; rule over something
- 想定
- sōtei — Assumption; supposition; presupposition
- 示す
- shimesu — To show; to indicate; to demonstrate
- 多く
- ōku — Many; much; a large number or amount
- 徴候
- chōkō — Sign; symptom; indication of something coming
- 含ん
- fukun- — Containing; including (conjunctive form of 含む)
- しかし
- shikashi — However; but; nevertheless (conjunctive)
- ながら
- nagara — While; although; even though (concessive)
- この
- kono — This (attributive demonstrative pronoun)
- 問題
- mondai — Problem; issue; question; matter at hand
- 古代
- kodai — Ancient times; antiquity; the ancient era
- 近代
- kindai — Modern era; modernity; recent historical period
- 過度
- kado — Excessive; too much; beyond appropriate limits
- 重視
- jūshi — Emphasis; attaching great importance to something
- 批評
- hihyō — Criticism; critique; critical review
- 作品
- sakuhin — Work; piece; artistic or literary creation
- あれ
- are — That (over there); whether it be (classical)
- 芸術
- geijutsu — Art; fine arts; artistic expression
- すべて
- subete — All; everything; entirely; without exception
- 意図
- ito — Intention; purpose; deliberate aim
- 段階
- dankai — Stage; phase; step in a process
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