The Republic — Page 2

Vocabulary

Ele

EH-lee — Third person singular masculine pronoun meaning 'he'.

foi

FOY — Past tense of 'ser/ir'; 'was' or 'went'.

o

oo — Definite masculine singular article meaning 'the'.

maior

my-OR — Greatest or largest; superlative comparative adjective.

gênio

ZHEH-nyoo — A person of exceptional intellectual or creative ability.

metafísico

meh-tah-FEE-zee-koo — Relating to metaphysics, the branch of philosophy beyond physics.

que

keh — Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that', 'who', or 'which'.

mundo

MOON-doo — The world; the entirety of human civilization and earth.

já

ZHAH — Already or ever; temporal adverb indicating prior occurrence.

viu

VEE-oo — Past tense of 'ver'; 'saw' or 'has seen'.

e

ee — Coordinating conjunction meaning 'and'.

nele

NEH-lee — Contraction of 'em' and 'ele'; meaning 'in him'.

mais

MY-sh — More; comparative adverb indicating greater quantity or degree.

do

doo — Contraction of 'de' and 'o'; meaning 'of the'.

em

em — Preposition meaning 'in', 'on', or 'at'.

qualquer

kwahl-KEHR — Any; indefinite pronoun indicating any one of many.

outro

OH-troo — Other or another; referring to a different person or thing.

pensador

pen-sah-DOR — A thinker; someone who engages deeply in intellectual thought.

antigo

an-TEE-goo — Ancient or old; relating to earlier historical periods.

estão

esh-TOWN — Third person plural of 'estar'; 'they are' (state/location).

contidos

kon-TEE-doos — Contained or included within something; past participle plural.

os

oosh — Definite masculine plural article meaning 'the'.

germes

ZHER-mesh — Germs or seeds; origins or early forms of ideas.

conhecimento

kon-yeh-see-MEN-too — Knowledge; the understanding or awareness of information.

futuro

foo-TOO-roo — Future; relating to time or events yet to come.

As

ash — Definite feminine plural article meaning 'the'.

ciências

see-EN-see-ash — Sciences; systematic fields of study based on empirical evidence.

da

dah — Contraction of 'de' and 'a'; meaning 'of the' (feminine).

lógica

LOH-zhee-kah — Logic; the study of correct reasoning and argumentation.

psicologia

psee-koh-loh-ZHEE-ah — Psychology; the scientific study of mind and behavior.

forneceram

for-neh-SEH-rawn — Past tense of 'fornecer'; 'provided' or 'supplied' something.

tantos

TAN-toosh — So many; plural form of 'tanto', indicating great quantity.

instrumentos

een-stroo-MEN-toosh — Instruments or tools used to accomplish a specific purpose.

de

deh — Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'by'.

pensamento

pen-sah-MEN-too — Thought; the process or product of thinking intellectually.

às

ash — Contraction of 'a' and 'as'; meaning 'to the' (feminine plural).

eras

EH-rash — Eras or ages; long distinct periods of historical time.

posteriores

posh-teh-ree-OH-resh — Later or subsequent; coming after in time or order.

baseiam-se

bah-ZAY-awn-seh — Are based on; reflexive verb meaning to rely or depend.

nas

nash — Contraction of 'em' and 'as'; meaning 'in the' (feminine plural).

análises

ah-NAH-lee-zesh — Analyses; detailed examinations or studies of something complex.

Os

oosh — Definite masculine plural article meaning 'the'.

princípios

preen-SEE-pyoosh — Principles; fundamental rules or truths guiding reasoning.

definição

deh-fee-nee-SOWN — Definition; an explanation of the meaning of a term.

a

ah — Definite feminine singular article meaning 'the'.

lei

LAY — Law; a rule or principle established by authority or logic.

contradição

kon-trah-dee-SOWN — Contradiction; a logical conflict between two statements.

falácia

fah-LAH-see-ah — Fallacy; a mistaken or deceptive argument or reasoning.

raciocínio

hah-syoh-SEE-nyoo — Reasoning; the mental process of drawing logical conclusions.

círculo

SEER-koo-loo — Circle; in logic, circular reasoning or argument structure.

distinção

deesh-teen-SOWN — Distinction; a difference or contrast between two things.

entre

EN-treh — Preposition meaning 'between' or 'among'.

essência

eh-SEN-see-ah — Essence; the fundamental nature or most important quality.

acidentes

ah-see-DEN-tesh — Accidents; non-essential attributes of a thing in philosophy.

uma

OO-mah — Indefinite feminine article meaning 'a' or 'one'.

coisa

KOY-zah — Thing; any object, concept, or matter being referred to.

ou

oh — Conjunction meaning 'or'; presenting an alternative choice.

noção

noh-SOWN — Notion; a concept or general idea about something.

meios

MAY-oosh — Means or ways; methods used to achieve a goal.

fins

feensh — Ends or purposes; goals toward which actions are directed.

causas

KOW-zash — Causes; the reasons or factors producing an effect.

condições

kon-dee-SOYNS — Conditions; circumstances required for something to occur.

também

tam-BEM — Also or too; adverb indicating addition or inclusion.

divisão

dee-vee-ZOWN — Division; the separation of something into distinct parts.

mente

MEN-teh — Mind; the seat of consciousness, thought, and intellect.

nos

noosh — Contraction of 'em' and 'os'; meaning 'in the' (masculine plural).

elementos

eh-leh-MEN-toosh — Elements; basic components that make up a larger whole.

racional

hah-syoh-NAHL — Rational; relating to reason and logical thought processes.

dos

doosh — Contraction of 'de' and 'os'; meaning 'of the' (masculine plural).

prazeres

prah-ZEH-resh — Pleasures; enjoyable sensations or satisfying experiences.

desejos

Desires; strong wishes or cravings for something.

necessários

neh-seh-SAH-ryoosh — Necessary; required or essential for a purpose.

desnecessários

desh-neh-seh-SAH-ryoosh — Unnecessary; not needed or superfluous in a context.

estas

ESH-tash — These; feminine plural demonstrative pronoun indicating nearby items.

outras

OH-trash — Other; feminine plural referring to additional different things.

grandes

GRAN-desh — Great or large; adjective describing importance or magnitude.

formas

FOR-mash — Forms or shapes; structures or modes of something.

encontram-se

en-KON-trown-seh — Are found; reflexive form indicating something can be located.

todas

TOH-dash — All; feminine plural indicating the entirety of a group.

foram

FOH-rawn — Third person plural past of 'ser/ir'; 'they were' or 'went'.

provavelmente

proh-vah-vel-MEN-teh — Probably; adverb expressing likelihood or probability.

inventadas

een-ven-TAH-dash — Invented; created or originated for the first time.

primeiro

pree-MAY-roo — First; ordinal number indicating the earliest in sequence.

por

por — Preposition meaning 'by', 'for', or 'through'.

A

ah — Definite feminine singular article meaning 'the'.

verdades

ver-DAH-desh — Truths; facts or realities that are accurate and correct.

lógicas

LOH-zhee-kash — Logical; relating to logic or following valid reasoning.

aquela

ah-KEH-lah — That; feminine singular demonstrative pronoun for distant objects.

escritores

esh-kree-TOH-resh — Writers or authors; those who compose written works.

filosofia

fee-loh-soh-FEE-ah — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence.

têm

tem — Third person plural of 'ter'; 'they have'.

tendência

ten-DEN-see-ah — Tendency; a natural inclination toward a particular behavior.

perder

per-DEHR — To lose; to be deprived of or fail to maintain something.

vista

VEESH-tah — Sight or view; also 'perder de vista' means to lose sight.

diferença

dee-feh-REN-sah — Difference; the quality distinguishing one thing from another.

palavras

pah-LAH-vrash — Words; units of language used in communication or writing.

coisas

KOY-zash — Things; objects, matters, or concepts being discussed.

ele

EH-lee — Third person singular masculine pronoun meaning 'he'.

defendida

deh-fen-DEE-dah — Defended; upheld or argued in favor of a position.

com

kom — Preposition meaning 'with'; indicating accompaniment or means.

veemência

veh-eh-MEN-see-ah — Vehemence; great forcefulness or intensity of expression.

embora

em-BOH-rah — Although or even though; concessive conjunction in Portuguese.

nem

nem — Nor or not even; negative conjunction used for exclusion.

sempre

SEM-preh — Always; adverb indicating constant or habitual occurrence.

tenha

TEN-yah — Subjunctive form of 'ter'; 'may have' or 'has'.

evitado

eh-vee-TAH-doo — Avoided; past participle of 'evitar', to avoid or prevent.

confusão

kon-foo-ZOWN — Confusion; a state of disorder or misunderstanding.

elas

EH-lash — Third person feminine plural pronoun meaning 'they'.

seus

SAY-oosh — His, her, or their; third person possessive plural adjective.

próprios

PROH-pryoosh — Own; emphasizing that something belongs specifically to someone.

escritos

esh-KREE-toosh — Writings; texts or documents composed by an author.

Mas

mash — But; adversative conjunction introducing a contrasting idea.

não

nown — No or not; primary negation word in Portuguese.

encerra

en-SEH-hah — Encloses or contains; to hold or include within itself.

verdade

ver-DAH-deh — Truth; a fact or reality that is accurate and correct.

fórmulas

FOR-moo-lash — Formulas; fixed expressions or rules for solving problems.

ainda

ah-EEN-dah — Still or yet; adverb indicating continuation of a state.

está

esh-TAH — Third person singular of 'estar'; 'is' (state or condition).

velada

veh-LAH-dah — Veiled or hidden; concealed beneath something else.

metafísica

meh-tah-FEE-zee-kah — Metaphysics; philosophical study of reality beyond physical existence.

ciência

see-EN-see-ah — Science; systematic study based on observation and experimentation.

imagina

ee-mah-ZHEE-nah — Imagines; to conceive of or picture something mentally.

como

KOH-moo — As or how; conjunction or adverb of manner.

contempla

kon-TEM-plah — Contemplates; to observe or consider something thoughtfully.

toda

TOH-dah — All or entire; feminine singular indicating totality.

existência

eh-zeesh-TEN-see-ah — Existence; the state of being or having reality.

é

EH — Third person singular of 'ser'; 'is' (permanent state).

muito

MWEE-too — Very or much; adverb intensifying an adjective or verb.

diferente

dee-feh-REN-teh — Different; not the same; distinct from another thing.

doutrina

doh-TREE-nah — Doctrine; a set of beliefs or principles taught formally.

silogismo

see-loh-ZHEEZ-moo — Syllogism; a logical argument with two premises and conclusion.

afirma

ah-FEER-mah — Affirms or claims; to state something as true or fact.

ter

tehr — To have; infinitive of the auxiliary and possessive verb.

descoberto

desh-koh-BEHR-too — Discovered; found or uncovered for the first time.