The Republic — Page 6

English → Pt INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

And many of the latest conceptions of modern thinkers and statesmen, such as the unity of knowledge, the reign of law, and the equality of the sexes, have been anticipated in a dream by him.

E muitas das mais recentes concepções de pensadores e estadistas modernos, tais como a unidade do conhecimento, o reinado da lei e a igualdade dos sexos, foram antecipadas por ele em sonho.

The argument of the Republic is the search after Justice, the nature of which is first hinted at by Cephalus, the just and blameless old man—then discussed on the basis of proverbial morality by Socrates and Polemarchus—then caricatured by Thrasymachus and partially explained by Socrates—reduced to an abstraction by Glaucon and Adeimantus, and having become invisible in the individual reappears at length in the ideal State which is constructed by Socrates.

O argumento da República é a busca pela Justiça, cuja natureza é primeiro insinuada por Céfalo, o ancião justo e irrepreensível — depois discutida com base na moralidade proverbial por Sócrates e Polemarco — depois caricaturada por Trasímaco e parcialmente explicada por Sócrates — reduzida a uma abstração por Gláucon e Adimanto, e tendo se tornado invisível no indivíduo, reaparece afinal no Estado ideal que é construído por Sócrates.

The first care of the rulers is to be education, of which an outline is drawn after the old Hellenic model, providing only for an improved religion and morality, and more simplicity in music and gymnastic, a manlier strain of poetry, and greater harmony of the individual and the State.

O primeiro cuidado dos governantes deve ser a educação, da qual se esboça um plano segundo o antigo modelo helênico, prevendo apenas uma religião e uma moralidade aperfeiçoadas, maior simplicidade na música e na ginástica, uma tendência mais viril na poesia e maior harmonia entre o indivíduo e o Estado.

We are thus led on to the conception of a higher State, in which 'no man calls anything his own,' and in which there is neither 'marrying nor giving in marriage,' and 'kings are philosophers' and 'philosophers are kings;' and there is another and higher education, intellectual as well as moral and religious, of science as well as of art, and not of youth only but of the whole of life.

Somos assim conduzidos à concepção de um Estado superior, no qual 'nenhum homem chama nada de seu', e no qual não há 'casamento nem concessão em casamento', e 'os reis são filósofos' e 'os filósofos são reis'; e há uma outra e mais elevada educação, intelectual bem como moral e religiosa, da ciência bem como da arte, e não apenas da juventude, mas de toda a vida.

Such a State is hardly to be realized in this world and quickly degenerates.

Tal Estado dificilmente pode ser realizado neste mundo e degenera rapidamente.

Vocabulary

muitas: Many; a large number of things or people.
das: Contraction of 'de' and 'as'; of the (feminine plural).
mais: More; to a greater degree or quantity.
recentes: Recent; having happened or appeared not long ago.
concepções: Conceptions; ideas or concepts formed in the mind.
pensadores: Thinkers; people who think deeply about ideas.
estadistas: Statesmen; experienced and respected political leaders.
modernos: Modern; relating to the present or recent times.
tais: Such; of that kind or degree.
como: As or like; used for comparison or examples.
unidade: Unity; the state of being joined as a whole.
conhecimento: Knowledge; information and understanding acquired through experience.
reinado: Reign; the period or rule of a sovereign power.
lei: Law; a rule enforced by authority or society.
igualdade: Equality; the state of being equal in rights or status.
sexos: Sexes; the two biological categories of male and female.
foram: Were; past tense of 'ser', indicating a previous state.
antecipadas: Anticipated; foreseen or predicted before they occurred.
por: By or for; preposition indicating agent or purpose.
ele: He; third person masculine singular pronoun.
em: In or at; preposition indicating location or state.
sonho: Dream; images or ideas experienced during sleep or imagination.
argumento: Argument; a reason or series of reasons given to support.
República: Republic; a state governed by elected representatives.
busca: Search or quest; the act of looking for something.
Justiça: Justice; fairness and rightness in moral or legal conduct.
cuja: Whose; relative pronoun indicating possession (feminine singular).
natureza: Nature; the essential qualities or characteristics of something.
primeiro: First; coming before all others in order or importance.
insinuada: Hinted; subtly suggested or implied without direct statement.
ancião: Elder; an old and respected man in a community.
justo: Just or fair; acting according to what is morally right.
irrepreensível: Irreproachable; beyond criticism or fault in conduct.
depois: Afterwards; at a later time or following an event.
discutida: Discussed; talked over or examined in detail.
com: With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means.
base: Basis or base; the foundation upon which something rests.
moralidade: Morality; principles distinguishing right from wrong behavior.
proverbial: Proverbial; relating to widely accepted traditional wisdom.
caricaturada: Caricatured; exaggerated or distorted for satirical effect.
parcialmente: Partially; in part, not completely or fully.
explicada: Explained; made clear or understandable through description.
reduzida: Reduced; brought down or simplified to a lesser form.
abstração: Abstraction; a concept considered apart from concrete reality.
tendo: Having; gerund of 'ter', indicating possession or action.
se: Reflexive pronoun 'oneself' or 'itself'; indicates reflexive action.
tornado: Become; past participle of 'tornar-se', to turn into.
invisível: Invisible; unable to be seen or perceived visually.
indivíduo: Individual; a single human being considered separately.
reaparece: Reappears; comes back into view or existence again.
afinal: Finally or after all; in the end or ultimately.
Estado: State; a politically organized community under one government.
ideal: Ideal; representing the best or most perfect standard.
construído: Built or constructed; assembled or created from parts.
cuidado: Care; attention and caution given to doing something well.
governantes: Rulers or governors; those who hold political authority.
deve: Must or should; expresses obligation or necessity.
ser: To be; fundamental verb expressing existence or identity.
educação: Education; the process of teaching and developing knowledge.
qual: Which or what; interrogative or relative pronoun.
esboça: Outlines or sketches; presents a plan in general terms.
plano: Plan; a detailed proposal for achieving a goal.
segundo: According to; in conformity with a particular standard.
antigo: Ancient or old; belonging to an earlier historical period.
modelo: Model; an example or pattern to be followed or imitated.
helênico: Hellenic; relating to ancient Greek culture or civilization.
prevendo: Foreseeing or providing for; anticipating future needs or events.
apenas: Only or just; nothing more than what is stated.
religião: Religion; a system of faith and worship of a deity.
aperfeiçoadas: Perfected or improved; refined to a higher standard.
maior: Greater or larger; exceeding in size, degree, or importance.
simplicidade: Simplicity; the quality of being uncomplicated or straightforward.
música: Music; the art of arranging sounds in pleasing patterns.
ginástica: Gymnastics; physical exercises promoting bodily strength and agility.
tendência: Tendency; an inclination toward a particular characteristic or behavior.
viril: Virile; having qualities associated with strength and masculinity.
poesia: Poetry; literary work expressing ideas through rhythmic language.
harmonia: Harmony; a pleasing combination of elements working together.
entre: Between or among; in the space or relationship separating things.
Somos: We are; first person plural present tense of 'ser'.
assim: Thus or so; in this way or manner.
conduzidos: Led or guided; brought to a place or conclusion.
concepção: Conception; a general idea or understanding of something.
superior: Superior; higher in quality, rank, or degree than others.
nenhum: No one or none; not any person or thing.
homem: Man; an adult male human being.
chama: Calls; refers to something by a particular name.
nada: Nothing; not anything; no thing at all.
seu: His, her, or its; third person possessive pronoun.
não: No or not; negation particle in Portuguese.
há: There is or there are; expresses existence of something.
casamento: Marriage; the legal union of two people as partners.
nem: Nor or neither; used to add a negative statement.
concessão: Concession; something granted or yielded to another party.
reis: Kings; male monarchs ruling over a kingdom.
são: Are; third person plural present tense of 'ser'.
filósofos: Philosophers; thinkers who study fundamental questions of existence.
outra: Another or other; a different or additional thing.
elevada: Elevated or lofty; raised to a high level or standard.
intelectual: Intellectual; relating to the ability to think and reason.
bem: Well or good; in a satisfactory manner or degree.
moral: Moral; relating to principles of right and wrong conduct.
religiosa: Religious; relating to or believing in a religion.
ciência: Science; systematic study of the natural world through observation.
arte: Art; creative expression through painting, music, literature, etc.
juventude: Youth; the period of being young or early life.
mas: But; conjunction introducing a contrast or exception.
toda: All or entire; the complete extent of something.
vida: Life; the existence of a living being or existence.
Tal: Such; of that particular kind or nature.
dificilmente: Hardly or scarcely; with great difficulty or barely possible.
pode: Can or may; third person singular of 'poder', ability.
realizado: Realized or achieved; brought into actual existence or accomplished.
neste: Contraction of 'em' and 'este'; in this (masculine singular).
mundo: World; the earth and everything that exists on it.
degenera: Degenerates; declines in quality, character, or function.
rapidamente: Rapidly; at a fast speed or in a quick manner.

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