The Republic — Page 7
To the perfect ideal succeeds the government of the soldier and the lover of honour, this again declining into democracy, and democracy into tyranny, in an imaginary but regular order having not much resemblance to the actual facts.
Ao ideal perfeito sucede o governo do soldado e do amante da honra, este declinando novamente para a democracia, e a democracia para a tirania, numa ordem imaginária mas regular que não tem muita semelhança com os fatos reais.
When 'the wheel has come full circle' we do not begin again with a new period of human life; but we have passed from the best to the worst, and there we end.
Quando 'a roda completou o círculo completo' não começamos novamente com um novo período da vida humana; mas passamos do melhor para o pior, e aí terminamos.
The subject is then changed and the old quarrel of poetry and philosophy which had been more lightly treated in the earlier books of the Republic is now resumed and fought out to a conclusion.
O assunto é então mudado e a velha disputa entre poesia e filosofia, que havia sido tratada de forma mais superficial nos livros anteriores da República, é agora retomada e levada até uma conclusão.
Poetry is discovered to be an imitation thrice removed from the truth, and Homer, as well as the dramatic poets, having been condemned as an imitator, is sent into banishment along with them.
A poesia é descoberta como sendo uma imitação três vezes afastada da verdade, e Homero, assim como os poetas dramáticos, tendo sido condenado como imitador, é enviado ao exílio juntamente com eles.
And the idea of the State is supplemented by the revelation of a future life.
E a ideia do Estado é complementada pela revelação de uma vida futura.
The division into books, like all similar divisions (Cp. Sir G.C. Lewis in the Classical Museum, vol. ii. p 1.), is probably later than the age of Plato.
A divisão em livros, como todas as divisões semelhantes (Cp. Sir G.C. Lewis no Classical Museum, vol. ii. p 1.), é provavelmente posterior à época de Platão.
The natural divisions are five in number;—(1) Book I and the first half of Book II down to the paragraph beginning, 'I had always admired the genius of Glaucon and Adeimantus,' which is introductory;
As divisões naturais são cinco em número;—(1) o Livro I e a primeira metade do Livro II até o parágrafo que começa com 'Eu sempre admirei o gênio de Glauco e Adimanto,' que é introdutório;
the first book containing a refutation of the popular and sophistical notions of justice, and concluding, like some of the earlier Dialogues, without arriving at any definite result.
o primeiro livro contendo uma refutação das noções populares e sofísticas de justiça, e concluindo, como alguns dos Diálogos anteriores, sem chegar a qualquer resultado definitivo.
Vocabulary
- Ao
- Contraction of 'a' and 'o', meaning 'to the'
- ideal
- Perfect standard or concept to aspire to
- perfeito
- Without flaws; completely correct or excellent
- sucede
- Happens, follows, or succeeds something else
- o
- Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'
- governo
- The system or group that rules a country
- do
- Contraction of 'de' and 'o', meaning 'of the'
- soldado
- A person who serves in an army
- e
- Conjunction connecting two words or clauses, 'and'
- amante
- Person who loves or is devoted to something
- da
- Contraction of 'de' and 'a', meaning 'of the'
- honra
- Quality of being morally upright and respected
- este
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' masculine
- declinando
- Gradually falling, declining, or deteriorating in quality
- novamente
- Once more; happening again after a pause
- para
- Preposition indicating direction, purpose, or destination
- a
- Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'
- democracia
- System of government by elected representatives of people
- tirania
- Cruel and oppressive rule by an absolute leader
- numa
- Contraction of 'em' and 'uma', meaning 'in a'
- ordem
- Arrangement, sequence, or command given to someone
- imaginária
- Existing only in imagination; not real or actual
- mas
- Conjunction expressing contrast or contradiction, meaning 'but'
- regular
- Following a consistent pattern or normal standard
- que
- Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'which'
- não
- Word used to express negation or denial
- tem
- Third-person singular of 'ter', meaning 'has'
- muita
- Feminine form of 'muito', meaning 'much' or 'a lot'
- semelhança
- Likeness or similarity between two or more things
- com
- Preposition indicating accompaniment or association, meaning 'with'
- os
- Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'
- fatos
- Things known to be true; real events or information
- reais
- Plural of 'real'; actual, true, or genuine things
- Quando
- Conjunction or adverb meaning 'when' in time
- roda
- Circular object that turns; wheel or cycle
- completou
- Past tense of 'completar'; finished or brought to end
- círculo
- Perfectly round closed curve or shape
- completo
- Finished, whole, or containing all necessary parts
- começamos
- We begin or we started an action or process
- um
- Masculine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'
- novo
- Not previously existing; recent or fresh in kind
- período
- A distinct interval or span of time
- vida
- The state of being alive; one's existence
- humana
- Relating or belonging to human beings
- passamos
- We pass, move through, or transition from something
- melhor
- Of a higher quality or more favorable condition
- pior
- Of lower quality or less favorable than before
- aí
- Adverb indicating a place or point in time, 'there'
- terminamos
- We end or conclude something; bring to a finish
- O
- Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'
- assunto
- Topic, subject matter, or theme being discussed
- é
- Third-person singular of 'ser'; means 'is'
- então
- Adverb meaning 'then' or 'so' in sequence
- mudado
- Changed or altered from a previous state
- velha
- Old or aged; having existed for a long time
- disputa
- A disagreement or argument between opposing sides
- entre
- Preposition meaning 'between' or 'among' multiple things
- poesia
- Literary art form using rhythmic and expressive language
- filosofia
- Study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics
- havia
- Past tense of 'haver'; meaning 'there was' or 'had'
- sido
- Past participle of 'ser'; meaning 'been'
- tratada
- Dealt with or handled in a particular manner
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'about'
- forma
- Shape, manner, or way something is done
- mais
- Comparative adverb meaning 'more' in degree
- superficial
- Lacking depth; dealing only with surface-level aspects
- nos
- Contraction of 'em' and 'os'; meaning 'in the'
- livros
- Plural of 'livro'; written works bound together
- anteriores
- Coming before in time, order, or position
- República
- Form of government or Plato's famous philosophical work
- agora
- At the present moment; currently happening
- retomada
- Resumed or taken up again after interruption
- levada
- Carried or brought to a certain point or conclusion
- até
- Preposition meaning 'until', 'up to', or 'even'
- conclusão
- Final decision or end result of a reasoning process
- A
- Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'
- descoberta
- Something found or revealed for the first time
- como
- Conjunction or adverb meaning 'as', 'how', or 'like'
- sendo
- Present participle of 'ser'; meaning 'being'
- imitação
- Act of copying or mimicking someone or something
- três
- The cardinal number between two and four, 'three'
- vezes
- Plural of 'vez'; occurrences or instances of something
- afastada
- Removed or distanced from something; pushed away
- verdade
- That which is accurate, real, or factually correct
- Homero
- Ancient Greek epic poet, author of Iliad and Odyssey
- assim
- Adverb meaning 'thus', 'so', or 'in this way'
- poetas
- Plural of 'poeta'; people who compose poetry
- dramáticos
- Relating to drama; theatrical or emotionally intense
- tendo
- Present participle of 'ter'; meaning 'having'
- condenado
- Declared guilty and sentenced; strongly disapproved of
- imitador
- One who copies or mimics another's style or actions
- enviado
- Sent to a place or person for a purpose
- ao
- Contraction of 'a' and 'o', meaning 'to the'
- exílio
- Forced or voluntary absence from one's home country
- juntamente
- Together or jointly with others at the same time
- eles
- Third-person masculine plural pronoun meaning 'they'
- E
- Conjunction connecting two words or clauses, 'and'
- ideia
- A thought, concept, or mental impression formed
- Estado
- An organized political community governed under one system
- complementada
- Made complete by adding a missing or needed element
- pela
- Contraction of 'por' and 'a'; meaning 'by the'
- revelação
- The disclosure of something previously unknown or secret
- futura
- Relating to or occurring in time yet to come
- divisão
- Act of separating into parts; a partition or split
- em
- Preposition meaning 'in', 'on', or 'at' a place
- todas
- Feminine plural of 'todo'; meaning 'all' or 'every'
- as
- Feminine plural definite article meaning 'the'
- divisões
- Plural of 'divisão'; separations or distinct parts
- semelhantes
- Similar or alike in appearance, nature, or character
- no
- Contraction of 'em' and 'o'; meaning 'in the'
- provavelmente
- With a high likelihood; in all probability or expectation
- posterior
- Coming after in time, sequence, or position
- à
- Contraction of 'a' and 'a'; meaning 'to the' feminine
- época
- A particular period in history or someone's life
- Platão
- Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, author Republic
- As
- Feminine plural definite article meaning 'the'
- naturais
- Existing in or derived from nature; not artificial
- são
- Third-person plural of 'ser'; meaning 'are'
- cinco
- The cardinal number between four and six, 'five'
- número
- A mathematical value used to count or measure
- Livro
- A written or printed work bound together, 'book'
- primeira
- Feminine ordinal number meaning 'first' in sequence
- metade
- One of two equal portions of a whole thing
- parágrafo
- A distinct section of writing dealing with one topic
- começa
- Third-person singular of 'começar'; meaning 'begins'
- Eu
- First-person singular subject pronoun meaning 'I'
- sempre
- At all times; on every occasion without exception
- admirei
- Past tense of 'admirar'; felt admiration for something
- gênio
- Exceptional intellectual or creative ability in a person
- introdutório
- Serving as an introduction or preliminary to something
- primeiro
- Coming before all others in order or importance
- livro
- A written or printed work; a book
- contendo
- Present participle of 'conter'; holding or including within
- refutação
- The act of proving an argument or claim wrong
- das
- Contraction of 'de' and 'as'; meaning 'of the' feminine plural
- noções
- Plural of 'noção'; general ideas or basic understandings
- populares
- Liked or held by many people; common or widespread
- sofísticas
- Relating to sophistry; cleverly misleading or fallacious reasoning
- justiça
- Fair and moral treatment of all people; fairness
- concluindo
- Present participle of 'concluir'; bringing to an end
- alguns
- An unspecified number of; some or a few
- dos
- Contraction of 'de' and 'os'; meaning 'of the' masculine plural
- Diálogos
- Plural of 'diálogo'; Plato's philosophical works in dialogue form
- sem
- Preposition meaning 'without' the presence of something
- chegar
- To arrive at or reach a place or conclusion
- qualquer
- Any one from a group; whichever or whatever kind
- resultado
- The outcome or consequence of an action or process
- definitivo
- Final and conclusive; not subject to further change
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