The Republic — Page 9

English → Pt INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Or a more general division into two parts may be adopted; the first (Books I - IV) containing the description of a State framed generally in accordance with Hellenic notions of religion and morality, while in the second (Books V - X) the Hellenic State is transformed into an ideal kingdom of philosophy, of which all other governments are the perversions.

Ou pode ser adotada uma divisão mais geral em duas partes; a primeira (Livros I - IV) contendo a descrição de um Estado estruturado geralmente de acordo com as noções helênicas de religião e moralidade, enquanto na segunda (Livros V - X) o Estado helênico é transformado em um reino ideal da filosofia, do qual todos os outros governos são as perversões.

These two points of view are really opposed, and the opposition is only veiled by the genius of Plato.

Esses dois pontos de vista são realmente opostos, e a oposição é apenas velada pelo gênio de Platão.

The Republic, like the Phaedrus (see Introduction to Phaedrus), is an imperfect whole; the higher light of philosophy breaks through the regularity of the Hellenic temple, which at last fades away into the heavens.

A República, assim como o Fedro (ver Introdução ao Fedro), é um todo imperfeito; a luz superior da filosofia atravessa a regularidade do templo helênico, que por fim se dissolve nos céus.

Whether this imperfection of structure arises from an enlargement of the plan; or from the imperfect reconcilement in the writer's own mind of the struggling elements of thought which are now first brought together by him; or, perhaps, from the composition of the work at different times—are questions, like the similar question about the Iliad and the Odyssey, which are worth asking, but which cannot have a distinct answer.

Se essa imperfeição de estrutura decorre de um alargamento do plano; ou da reconciliação imperfeita na própria mente do escritor dos elementos de pensamento em conflito que são agora pela primeira vez reunidos por ele; ou, talvez, da composição da obra em momentos diferentes — são questões, como a questão semelhante sobre a Ilíada e a Odisseia, que valem a pena ser feitas, mas que não podem ter uma resposta distinta.

In the age of Plato there was no regular mode of publication, and an author would have the less scruple in altering or adding to a work which was known only to a few of his friends.

Na época de Platão não havia nenhum modo regular de publicação, e um autor teria menos escrúpulo em alterar ou acrescentar a uma obra que era conhecida apenas por alguns de seus amigos.

Vocabulary

Ou: oh — Conjunction meaning 'or', presenting alternatives.
pode: POH-deh — Third person singular of 'poder'; means 'can' or 'may'.
ser: sehr — Infinitive 'to be'; one of two Portuguese verbs for being.
adotada: ah-doh-TAH-dah — Past participle of 'adotar'; meaning 'adopted' or 'taken on'.
uma: OO-mah — Feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'.
divisão: dee-vee-ZOWNG — Noun meaning 'division' or 'splitting into parts'.
mais: mahys — Adverb or adjective meaning 'more' or 'most'.
geral: zheh-RAHL — Adjective meaning 'general' or 'broad in scope'.
em: eng — Preposition meaning 'in', 'on', or 'at'.
duas: DOO-ahz — Feminine numeral meaning 'two'.
partes: PAR-chees — Plural noun meaning 'parts' or 'sections'.
a: ah — Feminine definite article meaning 'the'.
primeira: pree-MEY-rah — Feminine ordinal adjective meaning 'first'.
Livros: LEE-vrohz — Plural noun meaning 'books' or 'volumes'.
contendo: kon-TEN-doo — Present participle of 'conter'; meaning 'containing' or 'holding'.
descrição: deh-skree-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'description' or 'detailed account'.
de: deh — Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'about'.
um: oong — Masculine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'.
Estado: eh-STAH-doo — Noun meaning 'State' or organized political community.
estruturado: eh-stroo-too-RAH-doo — Past participle meaning 'structured' or 'organized systematically'.
geralmente: zheh-rahl-MEN-cheh — Adverb meaning 'generally' or 'usually'.
acordo: ah-KOR-doo — Noun meaning 'agreement'; used in 'de acordo com' meaning 'according to'.
com: kong — Preposition meaning 'with'.
as: ahz — Feminine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
noções: noh-SOYNG-z — Plural noun meaning 'notions' or 'basic concepts'.
helênicas: eh-LEH-nee-kahz — Adjective meaning 'Hellenic' or relating to ancient Greek culture.
religião: heh-lee-zhee-OWNG — Noun meaning 'religion' or system of spiritual belief.
e: eh — Conjunction meaning 'and'.
moralidade: moh-rah-lee-DAH-deh — Noun meaning 'morality' or ethical principles of conduct.
enquanto: en-KWAHN-too — Conjunction meaning 'while' or 'whereas'.
na: nah — Contraction of 'em' + 'a', meaning 'in the'.
segunda: seh-GOON-dah — Feminine ordinal adjective meaning 'second'.
o: oh — Masculine definite article meaning 'the'.
helênico: eh-LEH-nee-koo — Adjective meaning 'Hellenic' or pertaining to ancient Greek civilization.
é: eh — Third person singular of 'ser'; means 'is'.
transformado: trans-for-MAH-doo — Past participle meaning 'transformed' or 'changed into something else'.
reino: HEY-noo — Noun meaning 'kingdom' or 'realm'.
ideal: ee-deh-AHL — Adjective or noun meaning 'ideal' or 'perfect'.
da: dah — Contraction of 'de' + 'a', meaning 'of the'.
filosofia: fee-loh-zoh-FEE-ah — Noun meaning 'philosophy' or the study of fundamental questions.
do: doo — Contraction of 'de' + 'o', meaning 'of the'.
qual: kwahl — Relative pronoun meaning 'which' or 'that'.
todos: TOH-dohz — Adjective meaning 'all' or 'every'.
os: ohz — Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
outros: OH-trohz — Adjective meaning 'other' or 'remaining ones'.
governos: goh-VER-nohz — Plural noun meaning 'governments' or ruling bodies.
são: sowng — Third person plural of 'ser'; means 'are'.
perversões: per-ver-SOYNG-z — Plural noun meaning 'perversions' or corrupt distortions.
Esses: EH-seez — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'these' or 'those'.
dois: doysh — Masculine numeral meaning 'two'.
pontos: PON-tooz — Plural noun meaning 'points' or 'perspectives'.
vista: VEES-tah — Noun meaning 'view' or 'perspective'; used in 'ponto de vista'.
realmente: heh-ahl-MEN-cheh — Adverb meaning 'really' or 'truly'.
opostos: oh-POHS-tooz — Adjective meaning 'opposed' or 'contrary'.
oposição: oh-poh-zee-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'opposition' or 'contrast'.
apenas: ah-PEH-nahz — Adverb meaning 'only' or 'just'.
velada: veh-LAH-dah — Adjective meaning 'veiled' or 'concealed subtly'.
pelo: PEH-loo — Contraction of 'por' + 'o', meaning 'by the'.
gênio: ZHEH-nee-oo — Noun meaning 'genius' or exceptional intellectual talent.
A: ah — Feminine definite article meaning 'the'.
assim: ah-SEENG — Adverb meaning 'thus', 'so', or 'in this way'.
como: KOH-moo — Conjunction or adverb meaning 'like', 'as', or 'how'.
ver: vehr — Infinitive meaning 'to see'.
Introdução: een-troh-doo-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'introduction' or prefatory section of a work.
ao: ow — Contraction of 'a' + 'o', meaning 'to the'.
todo: TOH-doo — Adjective or noun meaning 'whole' or 'entire'.
imperfeito: eem-per-FEY-too — Adjective meaning 'imperfect' or 'incomplete'.
luz: looz — Noun meaning 'light'.
superior: soo-peh-ree-OR — Adjective meaning 'superior' or 'higher in quality'.
atravessa: ah-trah-VEH-sah — Third person singular of 'atravessar'; meaning 'crosses' or 'passes through'.
regularidade: heh-goo-lah-ree-DAH-deh — Noun meaning 'regularity' or consistent pattern.
templo: TEM-ploo — Noun meaning 'temple' or sacred place of worship.
que: keh — Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that', 'which', or 'who'.
por: por — Preposition meaning 'by', 'for', or 'through'.
fim: feeng — Noun meaning 'end'; used in 'por fim' meaning 'finally'.
se: seh — Reflexive pronoun meaning 'itself', 'oneself', or 'themselves'.
dissolve: dee-ZOHL-veh — Third person singular of 'dissolver'; meaning 'dissolves' or 'fades away'.
nos: nohz — Contraction of 'em' + 'os', meaning 'in the'.
céus: SEH-ooz — Plural noun meaning 'heavens' or 'skies'.
Se: seh — Conjunction meaning 'if', introducing a conditional clause.
essa: EH-sah — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' or 'that'.
imperfeição: eem-per-fey-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'imperfection' or flaw in something.
estrutura: eh-stroo-TOO-rah — Noun meaning 'structure' or organized framework.
decorre: deh-KOH-heh — Third person singular of 'decorrer'; meaning 'results from' or 'derives from'.
alargamento: ah-lar-gah-MEN-too — Noun meaning 'enlargement' or 'expansion' of scope.
plano: PLAH-noo — Noun meaning 'plan' or 'design'.
reconciliação: heh-kon-see-lee-ah-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'reconciliation' or bringing opposing things together.
imperfeita: eem-per-FEY-tah — Feminine adjective meaning 'imperfect' or 'not fully resolved'.
própria: PROH-pree-ah — Adjective meaning 'own' or 'particular to oneself'.
mente: MEN-cheh — Noun meaning 'mind' or faculty of thought.
escritor: eh-skree-TOR — Noun meaning 'writer' or author of literary works.
dos: dohz — Contraction of 'de' + 'os', meaning 'of the'.
elementos: eh-leh-MEN-tooz — Plural noun meaning 'elements' or fundamental components.
pensamento: pen-sah-MEN-too — Noun meaning 'thought' or process of thinking.
conflito: kon-FLEE-too — Noun meaning 'conflict' or state of disagreement.
agora: ah-GOH-rah — Adverb meaning 'now' or 'at this moment'.
pela: PEH-lah — Contraction of 'por' + 'a', meaning 'by the'.
vez: vehz — Noun meaning 'time' or 'instance'; used in phrases like 'uma vez'.
reunidos: heh-oo-NEE-dohz — Past participle meaning 'reunited' or 'brought together'.
ele: EH-leh — Personal pronoun meaning 'he' or 'it'.
talvez: tahl-VEHZ — Adverb meaning 'perhaps' or 'maybe'.
composição: kom-poh-zee-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'composition' or act of creating a work.
obra: OH-brah — Noun meaning 'work' or creative literary or artistic piece.
momentos: moh-MEN-tooz — Plural noun meaning 'moments' or periods of time.
diferentes: dee-feh-REN-cheez — Adjective meaning 'different' or 'distinct from one another'.
questões: keh-STOYNG-z — Plural noun meaning 'questions' or 'issues'.
questão: keh-STOWNG — Noun meaning 'question' or 'matter under discussion'.
semelhante: seh-meh-LYAN-cheh — Adjective meaning 'similar' or 'alike'.
sobre: SOH-breh — Preposition meaning 'about', 'on', or 'concerning'.
valem: VAH-leng — Third person plural of 'valer'; meaning 'are worth'.
pena: PEH-nah — Noun meaning 'effort'; in 'vale a pena' means 'worthwhile'.
feitas: FEY-tahz — Past participle meaning 'made' or 'asked' (of questions).
mas: mahz — Conjunction meaning 'but', introducing contrast.
não: nowng — Adverb meaning 'no' or 'not'.
podem: POH-deng — Third person plural of 'poder'; meaning 'can' or 'are able to'.
ter: tehr — Infinitive meaning 'to have'.
resposta: heh-SPOHS-tah — Noun meaning 'answer' or 'response'.
distinta: dees-TEEN-tah — Adjective meaning 'distinct' or 'clear and definite'.
Na: nah — Contraction of 'em' + 'a', meaning 'in the'.
época: EH-poh-kah — Noun meaning 'era', 'epoch', or historical period.
havia: ah-VEE-ah — Imperfect tense of 'haver'; meaning 'there was' or 'there were'.
nenhum: neh-NYOONG — Adjective or pronoun meaning 'no', 'none', or 'not any'.
modo: MOH-doo — Noun meaning 'way', 'manner', or 'mode'.
regular: heh-goo-LAR — Adjective meaning 'regular' or 'established and consistent'.
publicação: poo-blee-kah-SOWNG — Noun meaning 'publication' or act of publishing a work.
autor: ow-TOR — Noun meaning 'author' or creator of a written work.
teria: teh-REE-ah — Conditional of 'ter'; meaning 'would have'.
menos: MEH-nohz — Adverb meaning 'less' or 'fewer'.
escrúpulo: eh-SKROO-poo-loo — Noun meaning 'scruple' or moral hesitation about an action.
alterar: ahl-teh-RAR — Infinitive meaning 'to alter' or 'to change'.
acrescentar: ah-kreh-sen-TAR — Infinitive meaning 'to add' or 'to append' to something.
era: EH-rah — Imperfect tense of 'ser'; meaning 'was' or 'used to be'.
conhecida: koh-nyeh-SEE-dah — Past participle meaning 'known' or 'familiar to people'.
alguns: ahl-GOONZ — Indefinite adjective meaning 'some' or 'a few'.
seus: SEH-ooz — Possessive adjective meaning 'his', 'her', or 'their'.
amigos: ah-MEE-gooz — Plural noun meaning 'friends'.

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