The Republic — Page 13

English → Pt INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Now in ancient writings, and indeed in literature generally, there remains often a large element which was not comprehended in the original design.

Agora, nos escritos antigos, e de fato na literatura em geral, permanece muitas vezes um grande elemento que não estava compreendido no projeto original.

For the plan grows under the author's hand; new thoughts occur to him in the act of writing; he has not worked out the argument to the end before he begins.

Pois o plano cresce sob a mão do autor; novos pensamentos ocorrem a ele no ato de escrever; ele não desenvolveu o argumento até o fim antes de começar.

The reader who seeks to find some one idea under which the whole may be conceived, must necessarily seize on the vaguest and most general.

O leitor que busca encontrar alguma ideia única sob a qual o todo possa ser concebido deve necessariamente agarrar-se à mais vaga e mais geral.

Thus Stallbaum, who is dissatisfied with the ordinary explanations of the argument of the Republic, imagines himself to have found the true argument 'in the representation of human life in a State perfected by justice, and governed according to the idea of good.'

Assim, Stallbaum, que está insatisfeito com as explicações comuns do argumento da República, imagina ter encontrado o verdadeiro argumento 'na representação da vida humana em um Estado aperfeiçoado pela justiça e governado de acordo com a ideia do bem.'

There may be some use in such general descriptions, but they can hardly be said to express the design of the writer.

Pode haver alguma utilidade em tais descrições gerais, mas dificilmente se pode dizer que expressam o propósito do escritor.

The truth is, that we may as well speak of many designs as of one; nor need anything be excluded from the plan of a great work to which the mind is naturally led by the association of ideas, and which does not interfere with the general purpose.

A verdade é que podemos muito bem falar de muitos projetos em vez de um; nem é necessário excluir do plano de uma grande obra aquilo para o qual a mente é naturalmente conduzida pela associação de ideias, e que não interfere com o propósito geral.

What kind or degree of unity is to be sought after in a building, in the plastic arts, in poetry, in prose, is a problem which has to be determined relatively to the subject-matter.

Que tipo ou grau de unidade deve ser buscado em um edifício, nas artes plásticas, na poesia, na prosa, é um problema que precisa ser determinado em relação ao tema.

Vocabulary

Agora: ah-GOH-rah — Now; at this present moment in time
nos: nohs — In the; us; contraction of em + os
escritos: es-KREE-tohs — Written works; texts or documents that are written
antigos: an-TEE-gohs — Ancient; old; belonging to earlier times
e: ee — And; conjunction connecting words or phrases
de: deh — Of; from; preposition indicating possession or origin
fato: FAH-too — Fact; something known to be true
na: nah — In the; contraction of em + a
literatura: lee-teh-rah-TOO-rah — Literature; body of written artistic works
em: eng — In; at; preposition indicating location or context
geral: zheh-RAHL — General; broad; not specific or particular
permanece: pehr-mah-NEH-seh — Remains; stays; continues to exist unchanged
muitas: MWEE-tahs — Many; numerous; a large quantity of something
vezes: VEH-zehs — Times; occasions; instances of something happening
um: oong — A; an; the indefinite article in masculine form
grande: GRAHN-deh — Great; large; significant in size or importance
elemento: eh-leh-MEN-too — Element; a fundamental part or component
que: keh — That; which; who; relative or conjunction word
não: nowng — No; not; negation word in Portuguese
estava: es-TAH-vah — Was; past imperfect tense of estar (to be)
compreendido: kohm-preh-en-DEE-doo — Understood; included; comprehended within a scope
no: noo — In the; contraction of em + o
projeto: proh-ZHEH-too — Project; plan; original design or intention
original: oh-ree-zhee-NAHL — Original; initial; existing from the beginning
Pois: poysh — For; because; since; explanatory conjunction
o: oo — The; definite article in masculine singular form
plano: PLAH-noo — Plan; scheme; a structured course of action
cresce: KREH-seh — Grows; increases; expands in size or scope
sob: sohb — Under; beneath; below in position or influence
a: ah — The; definite article in feminine singular form
mão: mowng — Hand; the part of the body at the wrist
do: doo — Of the; contraction of de + o
autor: ow-TOHR — Author; writer; person who creates a text
novos: NOH-vohs — New; fresh; not existing or known before
pensamentos: pen-sah-MEN-tohs — Thoughts; ideas arising in the mind
ocorrem: oh-KOH-rem — Occur; happen; take place or come to mind
ele: EH-leh — He; him; third person masculine singular pronoun
ato: AH-too — Act; action; the process of doing something
escrever: es-kreh-VEHR — To write; to produce written text or content
desenvolveu: deh-zen-vol-VEH-oo — Developed; expanded; elaborated an argument or idea
argumento: ahr-goo-MEN-too — Argument; reasoning; line of thought or discussion
até: ah-TEH — Until; up to; as far as a point
fim: feeng — End; conclusion; the final point of something
antes: AHN-tehs — Before; previously; at an earlier time
começar: koh-meh-SAHR — To begin; to start; to initiate an action
O: oo — The; definite article masculine singular (capitalized)
leitor: lay-TOHR — Reader; person who reads a text or book
busca: BOOS-kah — Seeks; searches for; tries to find something
encontrar: en-kon-TRAHR — To find; to encounter; to come across something
alguma: ahl-GOO-mah — Some; any; an unspecified feminine quantity
ideia: ee-DAY-ah — Idea; concept; a thought or mental impression
única: OO-nee-kah — Unique; single; one of a kind
qual: kwahl — Which; that; relative pronoun referring to something
todo: TOH-doo — All; every; the whole of something
possa: POH-sah — Can; may; subjunctive form of poder (to be able)
ser: sehr — To be; permanent or inherent state of existence
concebido: kon-seh-BEE-doo — Conceived; understood; grasped as a unified whole
deve: DEH-veh — Must; should; expresses obligation or expectation
necessariamente: neh-seh-sah-ree-ah-MEN-teh — Necessarily; inevitably; as a required consequence
agarrar-se: ah-gah-HAHR-seh — To hold on; to cling; to grasp something firmly
à: ah — To the; contraction of a + a (feminine)
mais: mysh — More; most; to a greater degree or extent
vaga: VAH-gah — Vague; indefinite; lacking clarity or precision
Assim: ah-SEENG — Thus; so; therefore; in this manner
está: es-TAH — Is; present tense of estar (to be, state)
insatisfeito: in-sah-tis-FAY-too — Unsatisfied; dissatisfied; not content with something
com: kong — With; together with; preposition of accompaniment
as: ahsh — The; definite article feminine plural form
explicações: ex-plee-kah-SOYNS — Explanations; clarifications given for understanding something
comuns: koh-MOONSH — Common; ordinary; frequently encountered explanations
da: dah — Of the; contraction of de + a (feminine)
República: heh-POO-blee-kah — Republic; also title of Plato's famous philosophical work
imagina: ee-mah-ZHEE-nah — Imagines; believes; thinks or supposes something
ter: tehr — To have; infinitive of ter, auxiliary or main verb
encontrado: en-kon-TRAH-doo — Found; discovered; past participle of encontrar
verdadeiro: vehr-dah-DAY-roo — True; real; genuine or authentic in nature
representação: heh-preh-zen-tah-SOWNG — Representation; depiction; portrayal of something
vida: VEE-dah — Life; the condition of being alive
humana: oo-MAH-nah — Human; relating to human beings and their nature
Estado: es-TAH-doo — State; a political community or governing body
aperfeiçoado: ah-pehr-fay-SWAH-doo — Perfected; improved; brought to a higher standard
pela: PEH-lah — By the; through the; contraction of por + a
justiça: zhoos-TEE-sah — Justice; fairness; the principle of moral rightness
governado: goh-vehr-NAH-doo — Governed; ruled; administered by an authority
acordo: ah-KOHR-doo — Agreement; accord; in accordance with something
bem: beng — Good; well; the concept of moral goodness
Pode: POH-deh — Can; may; third person singular of poder
haver: ah-VEHR — To have; to exist; there to be something
utilidade: oo-tee-lee-DAH-deh — Utility; usefulness; practical value of something
tais: tysh — Such; those; referring to previously mentioned things
descrições: des-kree-SOYNS — Descriptions; verbal or written accounts of something
gerais: zheh-RYSH — General; broad; plural of geral
mas: mahsh — But; however; conjunction showing contrast
dificilmente: dee-fee-sil-MEN-teh — Hardly; with difficulty; scarcely possible
se: seh — Oneself; reflexive pronoun or conditional marker
pode: POH-deh — Can; is able to; third person singular of poder
dizer: dee-ZEHR — To say; to tell; to express in words
expressam: ex-PREH-sahm — Express; convey; communicate a meaning or purpose
propósito: proh-POH-zee-too — Purpose; intention; the aim behind an action
escritor: es-kree-TOHR — Writer; author; person who writes literary works
A: ah — The; feminine definite article (capitalized)
verdade: vehr-DAH-deh — Truth; reality; what is true or real
é: eh — Is; third person singular present of ser
podemos: poh-DEH-mohs — We can; we are able to; first person plural poder
muito: MWEE-too — Much; very; a great deal of something
falar: fah-LAHR — To speak; to talk; to communicate verbally
muitos: MWEE-tohs — Many; several; a large number of things
projetos: proh-ZHEH-tohs — Projects; plans; plural of projeto
vez: vehsh — Time; occasion; one instance of something occurring
nem: neng — Neither; nor; not even; negative conjunction
necessário: neh-seh-SAH-ree-oo — Necessary; required; essential for a purpose
excluir: ex-kloo-EER — To exclude; to leave out; to omit something
uma: OO-mah — A; an; indefinite article feminine singular form
obra: OH-brah — Work; a literary or artistic creation
aquilo: ah-KEE-loo — That; that thing; neuter demonstrative pronoun
para: PAH-rah — For; to; toward; preposition of purpose or direction
mente: MEN-teh — Mind; the seat of thought and consciousness
naturalmente: nah-too-rahl-MEN-teh — Naturally; in a natural manner; of course
conduzida: kon-doo-ZEE-dah — Led; guided; directed toward something
associação: ah-soh-see-ah-SOWNG — Association; connection; linking of ideas together
ideias: ee-DAY-ahsh — Ideas; thoughts; plural of ideia
interfere: in-tehr-FEH-reh — Interferes; disrupts; intrudes on a process
Que: keh — What; which; interrogative or relative pronoun
tipo: TEE-poo — Type; kind; sort or category of something
ou: oh — Or; conjunction presenting an alternative choice
grau: grahw — Degree; level; measure of intensity or extent
unidade: oo-nee-DAH-deh — Unity; oneness; the quality of being unified
buscado: boos-KAH-doo — Sought; searched for; past participle of buscar
edifício: eh-dee-FEE-see-oo — Building; structure; an architectural construction
nas: nahsh — In the; contraction of em + as (feminine plural)
artes: AHR-tehs — Arts; creative disciplines or artistic practices
plásticas: PLAHS-tee-kahs — Plastic arts; visual arts involving form and shape
poesia: poh-eh-ZEE-ah — Poetry; literary art form using rhythmic language
prosa: PROH-zah — Prose; ordinary written language without verse
problema: proh-BLEH-mah — Problem; question; an issue requiring resolution
precisa: preh-SEE-zah — Needs; requires; must be determined precisely
determinado: deh-tehr-mee-NAH-doo — Determined; decided; established in relation to something
relação: heh-lah-SOWNG — Relation; relationship; connection between things
ao: ow — To the; contraction of a + o (masculine)
tema: TEH-mah — Theme; subject; main topic of a work

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