The Republic — Page 12

English → Pt INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

Or, described in Christian language, the kingdom of God is within, and yet developes into a Church or external kingdom; 'the house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens,' is reduced to the proportions of an earthly building.

Ou, descrito em linguagem cristã, o reino de Deus está no interior, e no entanto se desenvolve numa Igreja ou reino externo; 'a casa não feita por mãos, eterna nos céus,' é reduzida às proporções de um edifício terreno.

Or, to use a Platonic image, justice and the State are the warp and the woof which run through the whole texture.

Ou, para usar uma imagem platônica, a justiça e o Estado são o urdume e a trama que percorrem toda a textura.

And when the constitution of the State is completed, the conception of justice is not dismissed, but reappears under the same or different names throughout the work, both as the inner law of the individual soul, and finally as the principle of rewards and punishments in another life.

E quando a constituição do Estado está completa, a concepção de justiça não é descartada, mas reaparece sob os mesmos ou diferentes nomes ao longo da obra, tanto como lei interior da alma individual, quanto finalmente como o princípio de recompensas e punições em outra vida.

The virtues are based on justice, of which common honesty in buying and selling is the shadow, and justice is based on the idea of good, which is the harmony of the world, and is reflected both in the institutions of states and in motions of the heavenly bodies (cp. Tim. 47).

As virtudes estão baseadas na justiça, da qual a honestidade comum no comprar e vender é a sombra, e a justiça está baseada na ideia do bem, que é a harmonia do mundo, e se reflete tanto nas instituições dos estados quanto nos movimentos dos corpos celestes (cp. Tim. 47).

The Timaeus, which takes up the political rather than the ethical side of the Republic, and is chiefly occupied with hypotheses concerning the outward world, yet contains many indications that the same law is supposed to reign over the State, over nature, and over man.

O Timeu, que aborda o lado político mais do que o ético da República, e está principalmente ocupado com hipóteses acerca do mundo exterior, contém ainda muitas indicações de que se supõe que a mesma lei reina sobre o Estado, sobre a natureza e sobre o homem.

Too much, however, has been made of this question both in ancient and modern times.

Muito se fez, no entanto, desta questão tanto nos tempos antigos quanto nos modernos.

There is a stage of criticism in which all works, whether of nature or of art, are referred to design.

Há um estágio de crítica em que todas as obras, sejam da natureza ou da arte, são referidas ao desígnio.

Vocabulary

descrito: Past participle of 'descrever'; described or depicted.
linguagem: Language or manner of speaking and expression.
cristã: Feminine adjective meaning Christian, relating to Christianity.
reino: Kingdom or realm, a territory ruled by a monarch.
Deus: God, the supreme being in monotheistic religions.
interior: Interior or inner part; inside something.
entanto: Used in 'no entanto', meaning 'however' or 'nevertheless'.
desenvolve: Develops or unfolds; third-person singular present tense.
Igreja: Church, a building or institution of Christian worship.
externo: External or outer; relating to the outside.
casa: House or home, a place where people live.
feita: Feminine past participle of 'fazer'; made or done.
mãos: Plural of 'mão'; hands, the body's grasping limbs.
eterna: Eternal or everlasting; existing without beginning or end.
céus: Plural of 'céu'; heavens or skies above the earth.
reduzida: Reduced or diminished; made smaller in size or scope.
proporções: Proportions or dimensions; relative sizes of something.
edifício: Building or edifice, a constructed structure for use.
terreno: Earthly or terrestrial; relating to land or the ground.
usar: To use or employ something for a purpose.
imagem: Image or picture; a visual representation of something.
platônica: Platonic; relating to Plato's philosophy or ideals.
justiça: Justice or fairness; the quality of being just.
Estado: State or government; an organized political community.
urdume: Warp threads in weaving; foundational structural threads.
trama: Weft or plot; threads woven across the warp.
percorrem: Run through or traverse; third-person plural present tense.
textura: Texture or fabric; the feel or structure of a surface.
constituição: Constitution; the fundamental laws governing a state.
completa: Complete or finished; fully done without missing parts.
concepção: Conception or idea; the formation of a concept or plan.
descartada: Discarded or dismissed; set aside as unwanted or irrelevant.
reaparece: Reappears; comes back into view or consideration again.
sob: Preposition meaning 'under' or 'beneath' something.
mesmos: Same; identical ones, referring back to previously mentioned.
diferentes: Different or various; not the same as others.
nomes: Names or nouns; words used to identify things or people.
longo: Long or throughout; used in 'ao longo de' (along).
obra: Work or opus; a literary, artistic, or creative piece.
tanto: As much or as many; used in comparisons or emphasis.
lei: Law; a rule or system of rules enforced by authority.
alma: Soul or spirit; the immaterial essence of a person.
individual: Individual; relating to a single person or thing.
quanto: As much as; used in comparisons and 'tanto...quanto'.
finalmente: Finally or ultimately; at the last stage or conclusion.
princípio: Principle or beginning; a fundamental rule or starting point.
recompensas: Rewards or recompenses; things given in return for merit.
punições: Punishments or penalties; consequences for wrongdoing.
outra: Other or another; a different one (feminine form).
vida: Life; the state of being alive or one's existence.
virtudes: Virtues; moral qualities of goodness and righteousness.
baseadas: Based or founded; relying on something as a foundation.
honestidade: Honesty or integrity; the quality of being truthful.
comum: Common or shared; belonging to or affecting everyone.
comprar: To buy or purchase something in exchange for money.
vender: To sell; to exchange goods or services for money.
sombra: Shadow or shade; darkness caused by blocking light.
baseada: Based or grounded; founded upon a particular idea.
ideia: Idea or concept; a thought or notion in the mind.
bem: Good or well; something morally right or beneficial.
harmonia: Harmony; a pleasing combination or agreement of elements.
mundo: World or universe; the earth and everything on it.
reflete: Reflects; mirrors or shows an image of something.
instituições: Institutions; established organizations or social structures.
estados: States; organized political communities or governing bodies.
movimentos: Movements; actions of moving or changing position.
corpos: Bodies; physical structures of living beings or objects.
celestes: Celestial; relating to the sky, stars, or heavens.
Timeu: Timaeus; a philosophical dialogue written by Plato.
aborda: Addresses or approaches; deals with a topic or issue.
lado: Side; one of the surfaces or aspects of something.
político: Political; relating to government, policy, or public affairs.
ético: Ethical; relating to moral principles and right conduct.
República: Republic; also refers to Plato's famous philosophical dialogue.
principalmente: Mainly or principally; above all other things considered.
ocupado: Occupied or concerned; busy dealing with something specific.
hipóteses: Hypotheses or assumptions; proposed explanations for investigation.
acerca: About or concerning; used in 'acerca de' (regarding).
contém: Contains or holds; has within it as a component.
ainda: Still or yet; continuing up to the present time.
muitas: Many or much; a large number of (feminine plural).
indicações: Indications or signs; clues pointing toward something specific.
supõe: Supposes or assumes; takes for granted without proof.
mesma: Same; the identical one being referenced (feminine form).
reina: Reigns or prevails; rules over or dominates something.
natureza: Nature; the natural world or inherent qualities of things.
homem: Man or human being; an adult male person.
Muito: Much or a lot; a large degree or quantity.
fez: Past tense of 'fazer'; made or did something.
questão: Question or issue; a matter under discussion or debate.
tempos: Times or periods; specific eras or moments in history.
antigos: Ancient or old; belonging to a very early period.
modernos: Modern; relating to the present or recent times.
Há: There is/are; third-person form of 'haver' indicating existence.
estágio: Stage or phase; a distinct period in a process.
crítica: Criticism or critique; detailed analysis and evaluation of work.
obras: Works; literary, artistic, or creative productions or pieces.
sejam: Subjunctive form of 'ser'; may be or whether they are.
arte: Art; creative expression through painting, music, or literature.
referidas: Referred or related; mentioned or connected to something.
desígnio: Design or purpose; an intention or plan behind something.

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