The Republic — Page 2

Vocabulary

他

tā — Third person singular pronoun: he, him.

是

shì — To be; is, are, am.

世界

shìjiè — The world; all of humanity and earth.

上

shàng — Above, on; used to indicate superlative scope.

所

suǒ — Particle marking a relative clause or nominalization.

见过

jiànguò — Has seen or encountered before.

的

de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification.

最

zuì — Most; superlative degree marker.

伟大

wěidà — Great, magnificent; of outstanding significance.

形而上学

xíng'érshàngxué — Metaphysics; philosophy concerned with ultimate reality.

天才

tiāncái — Genius; person of extraordinary natural talent.

在

zài — At, in, on; indicates location or existence.

身上

shēnshang — On one's person; within someone's qualities.

比

bǐ — Compared to; more than; than.

任何

rènhé — Any; whichever; regardless of which.

其他

qítā — Other; the rest; other things or people.

古代

gǔdài — Ancient times; the distant historical past.

思想家

sīxiǎngjiā — Thinker; person who develops influential philosophical ideas.

都

dōu — All, both; indicating totality or inclusiveness.

更多

gèngduō — Even more; greater in quantity or degree.

地

de — Adverbial particle linking adverb to verb.

蕴含

yùnhán — To contain implicitly; to embody or harbor within.

着

zhe — Aspect particle indicating ongoing state or action.

未来

wèilái — The future; time yet to come.

知识

zhīshi — Knowledge; information and understanding acquired through learning.

萌芽

méngyá — Sprout, bud; earliest beginnings of something.

逻辑学

luójíxué — Logic; the discipline studying principles of valid reasoning.

和

hé — And; connecting words, phrases, or clauses.

心理学

xīnlǐxué — Psychology; study of the mind and behavior.

这

zhè — This; demonstrative pronoun indicating something nearby.

两门

liǎng mén — Two disciplines or fields of study.

学科

xuékē — Academic discipline; a field or branch of study.

为

wèi — For; on behalf of; providing benefit to.

后世

hòushì — Later generations; posterity; people of future ages.

提供

tígōng — To provide, supply, or offer something to someone.

了

le — Particle indicating completed action or change of state.

如此

rúcǐ — Such, so; of this kind or degree.

众多

zhòngduō — Numerous, many; a large number of things.

思维

sīwéi — Thinking; the process of thought and reasoning.

工具

gōngjù — Tool, instrument; means used to accomplish tasks.

其

qí — Its, their; third-person possessive pronoun.

基础

jīchǔ — Foundation, basis; underlying support or groundwork.

正是

zhèngshì — Precisely is; exactly; emphasizes identification or confirmation.

建立

jiànlì — To establish, found, or build something.

分析

fēnxī — Analysis; to examine something in detail systematically.

之上

zhī shàng — Above, upon; built on top of something.

定义

dìngyì — Definition; precise explanation of a word or concept.

原则

yuánzé — Principle; a fundamental rule or standard of conduct.

矛盾律

máodùnlǜ — Law of contradiction; nothing can be both true and false.

循环

xúnhuán — Circular; cycle; going round in a loop.

论证

lùnzhèng — Argumentation; logical proof or demonstration of a claim.

谬误

miùwù — Fallacy, error; a mistaken or false belief.

事物

shìwù — Things; objects or matters in the world.

或

huò — Or; alternatively; indicating a choice between options.

概念

gàiniàn — Concept, notion; an abstract idea or mental category.

本质

běnzhì — Essence, nature; the fundamental intrinsic quality of something.

与

yǔ — And, with; connecting two elements together.

偶性

ǒuxìng — Accident; non-essential property of a thing in philosophy.

之间

zhījiān — Between, among; in the space separating two things.

区分

qūfēn — To distinguish, differentiate; to make clear differences.

手段

shǒuduàn — Means, method; a way of achieving a goal.

目的

mùdì — Purpose, goal, aim; the intended result of action.

原因

yuányīn — Reason, cause; that which produces an effect.

条件

tiáojiàn — Condition, prerequisite; a requirement for something to occur.

以及

yǐjí — As well as; and also; in addition to.

将

jiāng — To take; marker of disposal construction; will.

心灵

xīnlíng — Mind, soul, spirit; the inner mental and spiritual self.

划分

huàfēn — To divide, classify; to split into distinct categories.

理性

lǐxìng — Reason, rationality; capacity for logical thought.

欲望

yùwàng — Desire, craving; strong wish or appetite for something.

激情

jīqíng — Passion, ardor; intense emotional feeling or enthusiasm.

三种

sān zhǒng — Three kinds, three types of something.

要素

yàosù — Element, factor; essential component of something.

快乐

kuàilè — Happiness, pleasure; feeling of joy and contentment.

必要

bìyào — Necessary, essential; indispensable for a purpose.

非必要

fēi bìyào — Non-necessary; not essential or indispensable.

这些

zhèxiē — These; plural demonstrative referring to nearby things.

形式

xíngshì — Form, format; the shape or structure of something.

皆可

jiē kě — All can be; each and every one is possible.

中

zhōng — In, within, inside; among or in the middle of.

找到

zhǎodào — To find, locate; to successfully discover something.

并且

bìngqiě — Moreover, furthermore; and in addition.

很

hěn — Very, quite; intensifying adverb modifying adjectives.

可能

kěnéng — Possibly, maybe; indicating probability or likelihood.

由

yóu — By, from; indicating the agent or source.

最先

zuì xiān — First of all; earliest; before anyone else.

提出

tíchū — To put forward, propose; to raise an idea.

一切

yīqiè — Everything, all; the totality of things.

逻辑

luójí — Logic; the science of correct reasoning.

真理

zhēnlǐ — Truth; a fundamental fact or principle.

最为

zuìwéi — Most of all; especially; to the greatest degree.

重要

zhòngyào — Important, significant; of great value or consequence.

一条

yī tiáo — One item; a single rule or strip-shaped thing.

也是

yě shì — Also is; equally; likewise.

哲学

zhéxué — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence.

著述者

zhùshùzhě — Author, writer; one who composes philosophical or scholarly works.

容易

róngyì — Easy; likely to; not difficult to do.

忽视

hūshì — To overlook, neglect, ignore something important.

即

jí — Namely, that is; used to clarify or specify.

词语

cíyǔ — Words and phrases; vocabulary items in language.

区别

qūbié — Difference, distinction; to differentiate between things.

被

bèi — Passive marker; indicates the subject receives an action.

极为

jíwéi — Extremely, exceedingly; to a very great degree.

坚定

jiāndìng — Firm, resolute; unwavering in conviction or stance.

加以

jiāyǐ — To proceed to; to apply further action to something.

强调

qiángdiào — To emphasize, stress; to highlight the importance of.

参见

cānjiàn — See also, refer to; directing reader to another source.

政治家

zhèngzhìjiā — Statesman; a skilled and experienced political figure.

页

yè — Page; a single side of a sheet in a book.

及

jí — And, up to; reaching as far as.

以后

yǐhòu — After, afterwards; from a certain point in time onward.

尽管

jǐnguǎn — Although, even though; despite the fact that.

自己

zìjǐ — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject.

著作

zhùzuò — Written work, opus; a published book or composition.

并非

bìngfēi — Not at all; it is not the case that.

总能

zǒng néng — Always able to; invariably capable of doing something.

避免

bìmiǎn — To avoid, prevent; to keep away from something harmful.

二者

èrzhě — The two; both of them; the two items mentioned.

混淆

hùnxiáo — To confuse, mix up; to blur distinctions between things.

例如

lìrú — For example, such as; introducing an illustrative instance.

但

dàn — But, however; introducing a contrasting statement.

并不

bìng bù — Not at all; emphatically does not or is not.

束缚

shùfù — To bind, restrict, constrain; to limit freedom of action.

于

yú — In, at, by; classical preposition indicating location or relation.

公式

gōngshì — Formula; a fixed form or expression used systematically.

那里

nàlǐ — There, in that place; referring to a location mentioned.

仍

réng — Still, yet; continuing to be the case.

隐藏

yǐncáng — To hide, conceal; kept out of sight or awareness.

之内

zhī nèi — Within, inside; contained in a certain boundary.

设想

shèxiǎng — To conceive, imagine; to envision or hypothesize something.

观照

guānzhào — Contemplation, illumination; reflective insight into reality.

存在

cúnzài — Existence, being; the state of existing or occurring.

学问

xuéwèn — Learning, scholarship; knowledge gained through study.

自称

zìchēng — To claim for oneself; to call or describe oneself as.

发现

fāxiàn — To discover, find out; to reveal something previously unknown.

三段论

sānduànlùn — Syllogism; a form of deductive reasoning with three parts.

学说

xuéshuō — Theory, doctrine; a systematic academic explanation or teaching.

大相径庭

dà xiāng jìng tíng — Vastly different; poles apart; completely unlike each other.