The Republic — Page 7

English → Chinese INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS. Level 9/10

To the perfect ideal succeeds the government of the soldier and the lover of honour, this again declining into democracy, and democracy into tyranny, in an imaginary but regular order having not much resemblance to the actual facts.

完美理想之后，继之以军人与荣誉爱好者的统治，这种统治又衰落为民主制，民主制再衰落为僭主制，这一顺序虽属虚构却井然有序，与实际情况并无多少相似之处。

When 'the wheel has come full circle' we do not begin again with a new period of human life; but we have passed from the best to the worst, and there we end.

当"车轮转满一圈"之时，我们并不重新开始一个新的人类历史时期，而是已从最佳走向最劣，至此终结。

The subject is then changed and the old quarrel of poetry and philosophy which had been more lightly treated in the earlier books of the Republic is now resumed and fought out to a conclusion.

话题随后转换，诗歌与哲学之间由来已久的争论——在《理想国》前几卷中曾被较为轻描淡写地处理过——如今被重新提起，并得出了最终结论。

Poetry is discovered to be an imitation thrice removed from the truth, and Homer, as well as the dramatic poets, having been condemned as an imitator, is sent into banishment along with them.

诗歌被发现是与真理相距三重的摹仿，荷马与戏剧诗人们同样被判定为摹仿者，并与他们一道被驱逐放逐。

And the idea of the State is supplemented by the revelation of a future life.

而国家的理念则因来世的揭示而得到补充。

The division into books, like all similar divisions (Cp. Sir G.C. Lewis in the Classical Museum, vol. ii. p 1.), is probably later than the age of Plato.

对书卷的划分，如同所有类似的划分一样（参见刘易斯爵士在《古典博物馆》第二卷第1页的论述），其时间可能晚于柏拉图所处的时代。

The natural divisions are five in number;—(1) Book I and the first half of Book II down to the paragraph beginning, 'I had always admired the genius of Glaucon and Adeimantus,' which is introductory;

自然的划分共有五部分：（1）第一卷及第二卷的前半部分，直至以"我一向钦佩格劳孔与阿德曼托斯的才华"开头的段落，此为导论部分；

the first book containing a refutation of the popular and sophistical notions of justice, and concluding, like some of the earlier Dialogues, without arriving at any definite result.

第一卷包含对流行的和诡辩派的正义观念的驳斥，其结尾与早期的一些对话录相似，未能得出任何明确的结论。

Vocabulary

完美: wánměi — Perfect; flawless; without any defects.
理想: lǐxiǎng — Ideal; a standard of perfection or excellence.
之后: zhīhòu — After; following a certain time or event.
继: jì — To continue; to follow after something.
之: zhī — Classical particle indicating possession or linking nouns.
以: yǐ — With; by means of; using.
军人: jūnrén — Soldier; military personnel; person in armed forces.
与: yǔ — And; with; together with.
荣誉: róngyù — Honor; glory; prestige earned through achievement.
爱好者: àihàozhě — Enthusiast; fan; person who loves a particular thing.
的: de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification.
统治: tǒngzhì — To rule; to govern; exercise political control over.
这种: zhèzhǒng — This kind of; this type of thing or category.
又: yòu — Again; also; furthermore; in addition.
衰落: shuāiluò — To decline; to fall into decay or deterioration.
为: wéi — To be; to become; to act as.
民主制: mínzhǔzhì — Democracy; a system of government by the people.
再: zài — Again; once more; then subsequently.
这一: zhè yī — This particular; referring to a specific item mentioned.
顺序: shùnxù — Order; sequence; arranged progression of items.
虚构: xūgòu — Fiction; fabrication; something invented rather than real.
却: què — But; yet; however; expressing contrast.
井然有序: jǐngrán yǒu xù — Well-ordered; methodical; neatly and systematically arranged.
实际: shíjì — Actual; practical; real-world circumstances.
情况: qíngkuàng — Situation; condition; state of affairs.
并无: bìng wú — Actually has none; does not have at all.
多少: duōshao — How much; how many; some degree of amount.
相似: xiāngsì — Similar; resembling each other in appearance or nature.
之处: zhīchù — The place or aspect where something exists or applies.
当: dāng — When; at the time that something occurs.
车轮: chēlún — Wheel; the rotating circular part of a vehicle.
一圈: yī quān — One full circle; one complete rotation or loop.
我们: wǒmen — We; us; first person plural pronoun.
并不: bìng bù — Actually not; emphatically does not; contrary to expectation.
重新: chóngxīn — Anew; again; starting over from the beginning.
开始: kāishǐ — To begin; to start; the commencement of something.
一个: yī gè — One; a single unit of something.
新的: xīn de — New; fresh; recently appeared or created.
人类: rénlèi — Humanity; humankind; the human species collectively.
历史: lìshǐ — History; the record of past human events.
时期: shíqī — Period; era; a particular span of time.
而是: érshì — But rather; instead; on the contrary it is.
最佳: zuìjiā — Best; optimal; the finest or most excellent option.
走向: zǒuxiàng — To move toward; to head in a certain direction.
终结: zhōngjié — To end; conclusion; final termination of something.
话题: huàtí — Topic; subject of conversation or discussion.
随后: suíhòu — Subsequently; shortly after; then following that.
转换: zhuǎnhuàn — To shift; to switch; to change from one to another.
诗歌: shīgē — Poetry; verse; literary works written in poetic form.
哲学: zhéxué — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence.
之间: zhījiān — Between; among; in the space separating two things.
由来已久: yóulái yǐ jiǔ — Long-standing; has existed for a very long time.
争论: zhēnglùn — Debate; dispute; argument between opposing viewpoints.
在: zài — At; in; located at a place or time.
理想国: Lǐxiǎng Guó — The Republic; Plato's philosophical dialogue on justice.
中: zhōng — In; inside; within a scope or context.
较为: jiào wéi — Relatively; comparatively; somewhat more than average.
轻描淡写: qīng miáo dàn xiě — To treat lightly; gloss over without sufficient emphasis.
地: de — Adverbial particle linking adverb to verb.
如今: rújīn — Nowadays; now; at the present time.
被: bèi — Passive marker; indicating the subject receives an action.
提起: tíqǐ — To bring up; to raise a topic for discussion.
并: bìng — And; furthermore; simultaneously doing two things.
得出: déchū — To reach; to arrive at a conclusion or result.
了: le — Particle indicating completed action or changed state.
最终: zuìzhōng — Final; ultimate; in the end after everything.
结论: jiélùn — Conclusion; final judgment reached after reasoning.
发现: fāxiàn — To discover; to find out; to realize something new.
是: shì — To be; is; am; are; linking verb of identity.
真理: zhēnlǐ — Truth; fundamental reality; universally valid principle.
相距: xiāngjù — To be separated by; at a distance from each other.
三重: sānchóng — Triple; threefold; consisting of three layers or degrees.
摹仿: mófǎng — Imitation; mimicry; copying or reproducing something else.
戏剧: xìjù — Drama; theater; performing arts involving staged narratives.
诗人们: shīrénmen — Poets; multiple persons who compose poetry.
同样: tóngyàng — Similarly; in the same way; equally.
判定: pàndìng — To judge; to determine; to make an official ruling.
他们: tāmen — They; them; third person plural pronoun.
一道: yīdào — Together; along with; at the same time jointly.
驱逐: qūzhú — To expel; to drive out; to banish from a place.
放逐: fàngzhú — To exile; to banish someone from their homeland.
而: ér — And; but; yet; a connective or contrastive particle.
国家: guójiā — State; nation; a politically organized community.
理念: lǐniàn — Idea; concept; philosophical notion or guiding principle.
则: zé — Then; in that case; a classical connective particle.
因: yīn — Because of; due to; on account of.
来世: láishì — Afterlife; the world to come after death.
揭示: jiēshì — To reveal; to disclose; to make something known clearly.
得到: dédào — To obtain; to receive; to get something desired.
补充: bǔchōng — To supplement; to add to; to complete what is lacking.
对: duì — Regarding; toward; concerning a particular subject.
划分: huàfēn — To divide; to categorize; to separate into sections.
如同: rútóng — Just as; similar to; in the same manner as.
所有: suǒyǒu — All; every; the entirety of something.
类似: lèisì — Similar; alike; resembling in nature or character.
一样: yīyàng — The same; identical; just like something else.
爵士: juéshì — Sir; knight; a British honorific title.
古典: gǔdiǎn — Classical; pertaining to ancient Greek or Roman culture.
博物馆: bówùguǎn — Museum; institution displaying historical or cultural artifacts.
第: dì — Ordinal prefix indicating numbered sequence position.
页: yè — Page; a single leaf of a book or document.
论述: lùnshù — To discuss; to expound on; an analytical exposition.
其: qí — Its; their; his; classical third-person possessive pronoun.
时间: shíjiān — Time; a period or point in temporal existence.
可能: kěnéng — Possibly; may; indicating likelihood or possibility.
时代: shídài — Era; age; a specific period of historical time.
自然: zìrán — Naturally; of course; as a matter of course.
共有: gòngyǒu — To have in total; to share collectively; totaling.
五: wǔ — Five; the number 5.
部分: bùfen — Part; section; a component of a larger whole.
及: jí — And; as well as; reaching up to.
前半: qián bàn — First half; the earlier portion of something.
直至: zhízhì — Until; all the way up to a certain point.
我: wǒ — I; me; first person singular pronoun.
一向: yīxiàng — Always; consistently; habitually up to the present.
钦佩: qīnpèi — To admire; to respect deeply; to hold in high esteem.
才华: cáihuá — Talent; brilliance; outstanding natural intellectual ability.
开头: kāitóu — Beginning; opening; the start of a text or speech.
段落: duànluò — Paragraph; a distinct section of written text.
导论: dǎolùn — Introduction; a preliminary discussion leading into a work.
包含: bāohán — To contain; to include; to encompass within.
流行: liúxíng — Popular; prevalent; widely accepted or fashionable.
和: hé — And; together with; connecting two items.
正义: zhèngyì — Justice; righteousness; moral correctness and fairness.
观念: guānniàn — Concept; notion; an idea or way of thinking.
驳斥: bóchì — To refute; to rebut; to reject an argument forcefully.
结尾: jiéwěi — Ending; conclusion; the closing part of a text.
早期: zǎoqī — Early period; initial stage of something's development.
一些: yīxiē — Some; a few; an unspecified small number of things.
未能: wèi néng — Failed to; was unable to; did not manage to.
任何: rènhé — Any; whatever; whichever without restriction.
明确: míngquè — Clear; definite; explicitly stated without ambiguity.

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