The Republic — Page 8
To this is appended a restatement of the nature of justice according to common opinion, and an answer is demanded to the question—What is justice, stripped of appearances?
在此之后，附有一段依照普通观念对正义本质的重述，并要求回答这一问题——剥去表象之后，正义究竟是什么？
The second division (2) includes the remainder of the second and the whole of the third and fourth books, which are mainly occupied with the construction of the first State and the first education.
第二部分（2）包括第二卷的其余内容以及第三卷和第四卷的全部内容，这些内容主要涉及第一个国家的构建和最初的教育。
The third division (3) consists of the fifth, sixth, and seventh books, in which philosophy rather than justice is the subject of enquiry, and the second State is constructed on principles of communism and ruled by philosophers, and the contemplation of the idea of good takes the place of the social and political virtues.
第三部分（3）由第五、六、七卷组成，其中探讨的主题是哲学而非正义，第二个国家依据共产主义原则建立并由哲学家统治，对善之理念的沉思取代了社会与政治美德的地位。
In the eighth and ninth books (4) the perversions of States and of the individuals who correspond to them are reviewed in succession; and the nature of pleasure and the principle of tyranny are further analysed in the individual man.
在第八卷和第九卷（4）中，国家的堕落形态及与之相对应的个人的堕落形态依次得到审视；快乐的本质与僭主制的原则在个人身上得到进一步分析。
The tenth book (5) is the conclusion of the whole, in which the relations of philosophy to poetry are finally determined, and the happiness of the citizens in this life, which has now been assured, is crowned by the vision of another.
第十卷（5）是全书的结论，其中哲学与诗歌的关系得到最终的确定，公民在今生的幸福既已得到保证，又因另一个世界的愿景而得到升华。
Vocabulary
- 在
- zài — at, in, on; to be present at a place
- 此
- cǐ — this; here; now
- 之后
- zhī hòu — after; afterwards; following this
- 附有
- fù yǒu — accompanied by; attached with; comes with
- 一段
- yī duàn — a passage; a section; a period
- 依照
- yī zhào — in accordance with; according to; following
- 普通
- pǔ tōng — ordinary; common; average; not special
- 观念
- guān niàn — concept; idea; notion; belief
- 对
- duì — toward; regarding; correct; facing
- 正义
- zhèng yì — justice; righteousness; fairness
- 本质
- běn zhì — essence; nature; intrinsic quality
- 的
- de — structural particle indicating possession or modification
- 重述
- chóng shù — to restate; to retell; to rephrase
- 并
- bìng — and; also; furthermore; simultaneously
- 要求
- yāo qiú — to demand; to require; a request
- 回答
- huí dá — to answer; to reply; a response
- 这一
- zhè yī — this particular; this one specific thing
- 问题
- wèn tí — question; problem; issue
- 剥去
- bō qù — to strip away; to peel off; to remove
- 表象
- biǎo xiàng — appearance; surface phenomenon; outward representation
- 究竟
- jiū jìng — after all; exactly; in the end
- 是
- shì — to be; is; am; are
- 什么
- shén me — what; whatever; something
- 第二
- dì èr — second; the second one
- 部分
- bù fen — part; section; portion
- 包括
- bāo kuò — to include; to comprise; to consist of
- 第二卷
- dì èr juàn — volume two; the second volume
- 其余
- qí yú — the rest; the remainder; other parts
- 内容
- nèi róng — content; subject matter; substance
- 以及
- yǐ jí — as well as; along with; and also
- 第三卷
- dì sān juàn — volume three; the third volume
- 和
- hé — and; with; together with
- 第四卷
- dì sì juàn — volume four; the fourth volume
- 全部
- quán bù — all; entire; whole; complete
- 这些
- zhè xiē — these; these ones
- 主要
- zhǔ yào — main; primary; principal; chiefly
- 涉及
- shè jí — to involve; to concern; to touch upon
- 第一个
- dì yī gè — the first one; the initial one
- 国家
- guó jiā — state; nation; country
- 构建
- gòu jiàn — to construct; to build; to establish
- 最初
- zuì chū — at first; initially; original; earliest
- 教育
- jiào yù — education; to educate; upbringing
- 第三
- dì sān — third; the third one
- 由
- yóu — by; from; through; consisting of
- 第五
- dì wǔ — fifth; the fifth
- 六
- liù — six; sixth
- 七卷
- qī juàn — volume seven; the seventh volume
- 组成
- zǔ chéng — to compose; to form; to make up
- 其中
- qí zhōng — among which; within; therein
- 探讨
- tàn tǎo — to explore; to discuss; to investigate
- 主题
- zhǔ tí — theme; subject; main topic
- 哲学
- zhé xué — philosophy; philosophical study
- 而非
- ér fēi — rather than; instead of; but not
- 第二个
- dì èr gè — the second one; second in order
- 依据
- yī jù — basis; foundation; according to
- 共产主义
- gòng chǎn zhǔ yì — communism; communist ideology and system
- 原则
- yuán zé — principle; rule; standard; guideline
- 建立
- jiàn lì — to establish; to found; to set up
- 哲学家
- zhé xué jiā — philosopher; one who studies philosophy
- 统治
- tǒng zhì — to rule; to govern; domination
- 善
- shàn — goodness; virtue; the Good; benevolence
- 之
- zhī — classical possessive particle; of; it
- 理念
- lǐ niàn — idea; concept; ideal; Platonic Form
- 沉思
- chén sī — to contemplate; to meditate; deep reflection
- 取代
- qǔ dài — to replace; to supersede; to substitute
- 了
- le — particle indicating completion or change of state
- 社会
- shè huì — society; social; community
- 与
- yǔ — and; with; together with
- 政治
- zhèng zhì — politics; political affairs
- 美德
- měi dé — virtue; moral excellence; good character
- 地位
- dì wèi — status; position; standing; rank
- 第八卷
- dì bā juàn — volume eight; the eighth volume
- 第九卷
- dì jiǔ juàn — volume nine; the ninth volume
- 中
- zhōng — in; among; within; middle
- 堕落
- duò luò — degeneration; corruption; moral decline
- 形态
- xíng tài — form; shape; type; mode
- 及
- jí — and; as well as; to reach
- 与之
- yǔ zhī — with it; corresponding to it
- 相对应
- xiāng duì yìng — corresponding to; matching; counterpart
- 个人
- gè rén — individual; personal; one's own
- 依次
- yī cì — in order; successively; one by one
- 得到
- dé dào — to obtain; to receive; to get
- 审视
- shěn shì — to examine carefully; to scrutinize; to inspect
- 快乐
- kuài lè — happiness; joy; pleasure; happy
- 僭主制
- jiàn zhǔ zhì — tyranny; system ruled by a tyrant
- 身上
- shēn shang — on one's body; in a person; upon
- 进一步
- jìn yī bù — further; one step further; additionally
- 分析
- fēn xī — to analyze; analysis; examination
- 第十卷
- dì shí juàn — volume ten; the tenth volume
- 全书
- quán shū — the whole book; entire text
- 结论
- jié lùn — conclusion; final judgment; verdict
- 诗歌
- shī gē — poetry; poems; verse
- 关系
- guān xi — relationship; connection; ties
- 最终
- zuì zhōng — finally; ultimately; in the end
- 确定
- què dìng — to confirm; to determine; definite
- 公民
- gōng mín — citizen; civilian; member of a state
- 今生
- jīn shēng — this life; present lifetime; current existence
- 幸福
- xìng fú — happiness; wellbeing; bliss; felicity
- 既已
- jì yǐ — already; having already; since already
- 保证
- bǎo zhèng — to guarantee; to ensure; assurance
- 另一个
- lìng yī gè — another; a different one; one more
- 世界
- shì jiè — world; universe; realm
- 愿景
- yuàn jǐng — vision; aspiration; ideal future picture
- 而
- ér — and; but; yet; linking conjunction
- 升华
- shēng huá — to sublimate; to elevate; to transcend
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