The Republic — Page 11
Tried by this test, several of the Platonic Dialogues, according to our modern ideas, appear to be defective, but the deficiency is no proof that they were composed at different times or by different hands.
以此标准衡量，柏拉图的几篇对话录，按照我们现代的观念来看，似乎存在缺陷，但这种缺陷并不能证明它们是在不同时期或由不同人手创作的。
And the supposition that the Republic was written uninterruptedly and by a continuous effort is in some degree confirmed by the numerous references from one part of the work to another.
而《理想国》是一气呵成、连续写就的这一推断，在某种程度上也得到了该书各部分之间大量相互引用的印证。
The second title, 'Concerning Justice,' is not the one by which the Republic is quoted, either by Aristotle or generally in antiquity, and, like the other second titles of the Platonic Dialogues, may therefore be assumed to be of later date.
第二个标题《论正义》并非亚里士多德或古代人士引用《理想国》时所用的名称，因此，与柏拉图对话录的其他第二标题一样，可以认为是后人所加。
Morgenstern and others have asked whether the definition of justice, which is the professed aim, or the construction of the State is the principal argument of the work.
莫根施特恩等人曾提出疑问：该书的主要论旨究竟是其所宣称的目标——对正义的界定，还是对国家的构建？
The answer is, that the two blend in one, and are two faces of the same truth; for justice is the order of the State, and the State is the visible embodiment of justice under the conditions of human society.
答案是，两者融为一体，是同一真理的两个面向；因为正义是国家的秩序，而国家则是人类社会条件下正义的可见体现。
The one is the soul and the other is the body, and the Greek ideal of the State, as of the individual, is a fair mind in a fair body.
一者为灵魂，另一者为躯体，而希腊人对国家的理想，正如对个人的理想一样，是健全的心智寓于健全的躯体之中。
In Hegelian phraseology the state is the reality of which justice is the idea.
用黑格尔的术语来说，国家是现实，而正义则是其理念。
Vocabulary
- 以
- yǐ — Using; by means of; with
- 此
- cǐ — This; these; here
- 标准
- biāozhǔn — Standard; criterion; benchmark
- 衡量
- héngliáng — To measure; to evaluate; to assess
- 柏拉图
- Bólātú — Plato, ancient Greek philosopher
- 的
- de — Structural particle indicating possession or modification
- 几篇
- jǐ piān — Several pieces; a few articles or works
- 对话录
- duìhuàlù — Dialogues; written records of conversations
- 按照
- ànzhào — According to; in accordance with
- 我们
- wǒmen — We; us; our
- 现代
- xiàndài — Modern times; contemporary era
- 观念
- guānniàn — Concept; idea; notion; viewpoint
- 来看
- lái kàn — To look at from; judged from a perspective
- 似乎
- sìhū — Seemingly; it appears that; as if
- 存在
- cúnzài — To exist; existence; to have flaws present
- 缺陷
- quēxiàn — Defect; flaw; shortcoming; imperfection
- 但
- dàn — But; however; yet
- 这种
- zhè zhǒng — This kind of; this type of
- 并不
- bìng bù — Not at all; does not (emphatic negation)
- 能
- néng — Can; able to; capable of
- 证明
- zhèngmíng — To prove; to demonstrate; proof
- 它们
- tāmen — They; them (referring to things)
- 是
- shì — To be; is; are; am
- 在
- zài — At; in; on; existing in a place or time
- 不同
- bùtóng — Different; distinct; not the same
- 时期
- shíqī — Period; era; phase of time
- 或
- huò — Or; either; perhaps
- 由
- yóu — By; from; due to; through
- 人手
- rénshǒu — Different hands; people doing work
- 创作
- chuàngzuò — To create; creative work; literary composition
- 而
- ér — And; but; yet; moreover (conjunction)
- 理想国
- Lǐxiǎng Guó — The Republic, Plato's famous philosophical dialogue
- 一气呵成
- yī qì hē chéng — Written in one breath; completed without interruption
- 连续
- liánxù — Continuous; successive; uninterrupted
- 写就
- xiě jiù — To have written; completed in writing
- 这一
- zhè yī — This one; this particular (item or point)
- 推断
- tuīduàn — Inference; deduction; to deduce a conclusion
- 某种
- mǒu zhǒng — A certain kind; some type of
- 程度上
- chéngdù shàng — To a certain extent; in some degree
- 也
- yě — Also; too; as well
- 得到
- dédào — To obtain; to receive; to get
- 了
- le — Particle indicating completed action or change
- 该书
- gāi shū — The book in question; said book
- 各
- gè — Each; every; various
- 部分
- bùfen — Part; section; portion
- 之间
- zhījiān — Between; among; in the middle of
- 大量
- dàliàng — Large quantity; a great number of
- 相互
- xiānghù — Mutual; reciprocal; each other
- 引用
- yǐnyòng — To quote; to cite; cross-reference
- 印证
- yìnzhèng — To corroborate; to confirm; mutual verification
- 第二个
- dì èr gè — The second one; second item
- 标题
- biāotí — Title; heading; caption
- 论
- lùn — On; concerning; discourse on a topic
- 正义
- zhèngyì — Justice; righteousness; moral correctness
- 并非
- bìng fēi — Is definitely not; by no means
- 亚里士多德
- Yàlǐshìduōdé — Aristotle, ancient Greek philosopher
- 古代
- gǔdài — Ancient times; antiquity
- 人士
- rénshì — Personage; person of standing; individuals
- 时
- shí — When; at the time of; during
- 所用
- suǒ yòng — Used; that which was used
- 名称
- míngchēng — Name; title; designation
- 因此
- yīncǐ — Therefore; consequently; for this reason
- 与
- yǔ — And; with; together with
- 其他
- qítā — Other; others; the rest
- 第二
- dì èr — Second; number two in order
- 一样
- yīyàng — Same; alike; identical; just like
- 可以
- kěyǐ — Can; may; be allowed to
- 认为
- rènwéi — To think; to consider; to believe
- 后人
- hòurén — Later generations; descendants; posterity
- 所加
- suǒ jiā — Added by; that which was appended
- 等人
- děng rén — And others; et al.; and so forth (people)
- 曾
- céng — Once; formerly; at some past time
- 提出
- tíchū — To raise; to put forward; to propose
- 疑问
- yíwèn — Doubt; question; uncertainty
- 主要
- zhǔyào — Main; primary; major; principal
- 论旨
- lùnzhǐ — Main thesis; central argument; purport
- 究竟
- jiūjìng — After all; exactly; in the end
- 其
- qí — Its; his; her; their (formal pronoun)
- 所
- suǒ — That which; used before verbs nominally
- 宣称
- xuānchēng — To claim; to declare; to proclaim
- 目标
- mùbiāo — Goal; objective; target; aim
- 对
- duì — Toward; regarding; to deal with
- 界定
- jièdìng — To define; to delimit; to set boundaries
- 还是
- háishi — Or; still; had better; alternatively
- 国家
- guójiā — State; nation; country
- 构建
- gòujiàn — To construct; to build; to establish
- 答案
- dá'àn — Answer; solution; response
- 两者
- liǎng zhě — Both; the two; either of the two
- 融为一体
- róng wéi yī tǐ — Merged into one; fused into a unified whole
- 同一
- tóngyī — The same; identical; one and the same
- 真理
- zhēnlǐ — Truth; ultimate truth; universal principle
- 两个
- liǎng gè — Two; a pair of; two items
- 面向
- miànxiàng — Aspect; facing toward; dimension or orientation
- 因为
- yīnwèi — Because; since; for the reason that
- 秩序
- zhìxù — Order; discipline; organized arrangement
- 则
- zé — Then; in that case; rule; standard
- 人类
- rénlèi — Humanity; humankind; the human race
- 社会
- shèhuì — Society; social community
- 条件下
- tiáojiàn xià — Under the conditions of; given certain circumstances
- 可见
- kějiàn — Evidently; it can be seen that; visible
- 体现
- tǐxiàn — To embody; to reflect; to manifest
- 一者
- yī zhě — One of them; the one; the former
- 为
- wéi — To be; to act as; to become
- 灵魂
- línghún — Soul; spirit; the inner self
- 另一者
- lìng yī zhě — The other one; another; the latter
- 躯体
- qūtǐ — Body; physical frame; the human body
- 希腊人
- Xīlà rén — Greeks; people of ancient or modern Greece
- 理想
- lǐxiǎng — Ideal; aspiration; perfect imagined standard
- 正如
- zhèngrú — Just as; exactly like; in the same way
- 个人
- gèrén — Individual; personal; one person
- 健全
- jiànquán — Sound; wholesome; healthy and complete
- 心智
- xīnzhì — Mind; intellect; mental faculty
- 寓于
- yù yú — To reside in; to be embodied within
- 之中
- zhī zhōng — Within; inside; in the midst of
- 用
- yòng — To use; using; by means of
- 术语
- shùyǔ — Technical term; terminology; jargon
- 来说
- lái shuō — Speaking from; in terms of; to put it
- 现实
- xiànshí — Reality; the real world; actuality
- 理念
- lǐniàn — Idea; concept; philosophical notion or ideal
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