The Republic — Page 12

Vocabulary

或者

huòzhě — or; alternatively; used to present options

用

yòng — to use; to employ; using

基督教

Jīdūjiào — Christianity; the Christian religion

的

de — structural particle indicating possession or modification

语言

yǔyán — language; speech; verbal expression

来

lái — to come; used to indicate purpose or means

描述

miáoshù — to describe; to depict; verbal account of something

上帝

Shàngdì — God; the supreme deity in monotheistic religion

在

zài — at; in; located at; existing in

内心

nèixīn — inner heart; one's inner mind or feelings

之中

zhī zhōng — within; in the middle of (classical expression)

却又

què yòu — yet also; but at the same time

发展

fāzhǎn — to develop; to grow; development or expansion

成为

chéngwéi — to become; to turn into something

教会

jiàohuì — church; Christian congregation or institution

或

huò — or; either; possibly (shorter form)

外在

wàizài — external; outward; pertaining to the outside

王国

wángguó — kingdom; a realm ruled by a monarch

那

nà — that; those; referring to something previously mentioned

不是

bù shì — is not; are not; negation of being

人手

rénshǒu — human hands; made by human hands

永存

yǒngcún — to exist eternally; everlasting existence

于

yú — in; at; on; classical preposition of location

天上

tiānshàng — heavenly; in heaven; above in the sky

居所

jūsuǒ — dwelling place; abode; place of residence

被

bèi — passive marker; indicates action done to subject

缩减

suōjiǎn — to reduce; to shrink; to cut down in size

为

wéi — to be; to become; as; for (classical usage)

一座

yī zuò — one (building/mountain); measure word for structures

世俗

shìsú — secular; worldly; relating to mundane affairs

建筑

jiànzhù — building; architecture; constructed structure

规模

guīmó — scale; scope; size of something

借用

jièyòng — to borrow and use; to make use of another's idea

柏拉图

Bólātú — Plato; ancient Greek philosopher

式

shì — style; type; manner; in the fashion of

意象

yìxiàng — imagery; mental image; symbolic representation

正义

zhèngyì — justice; righteousness; moral correctness

与

yǔ — and; with; together with

国家

guójiā — country; nation; state

乃是

nǎi shì — is indeed; are precisely (emphatic classical form)

贯穿

guànchuān — to run through; to penetrate from end to end

整个

zhěnggè — entire; whole; the complete thing

织物

zhīwù — fabric; woven material; textile

当

dāng — when; at the time of; while

构建

gòujiàn — to construct; to build up; to establish systematically

完成

wánchéng — to complete; to finish; accomplishment of a task

之后

zhīhòu — after; afterwards; following something

概念

gàiniàn — concept; notion; abstract idea

并未

bìng wèi — has not; did not (emphatic negation)

就此

jiùcǐ — thereupon; at this point; just like that

消散

xiāosàn — to dissipate; to vanish; to scatter away

而是

ér shì — but rather; instead is; on the contrary

以

yǐ — with; by means of; using (classical preposition)

相同

xiāngtóng — identical; the same; alike in nature

不同

bùtóng — different; unlike; not the same

名称

míngchēng — name; title; designation of something

全书

quánshū — the entire book; throughout the whole text

始终

shǐzhōng — from beginning to end; always; consistently throughout

既

jì — both; already; since (used in correlative structures)

作为

zuòwéi — as; in the capacity of; serving as

个人

gèrén — individual; personal; one person

灵魂

línghún — soul; spirit; the inner essence of a person

内在

nèizài — internal; intrinsic; existing within something

法则

fǎzé — law; rule; principle governing behavior or nature

最终

zuìzhōng — ultimately; finally; in the end

又

yòu — again; also; additionally; furthermore

来世

láishì — afterlife; the next life; life after death

赏罚

shǎngfá — reward and punishment; system of incentives and penalties

原则

yuánzé — principle; fundamental rule or standard

而

ér — and; but; yet; classical connective particle

重现

chóngxiàn — to reappear; to recur; to emerge again

诸

zhū — various; all; many (classical plural marker)

美德

měidé — virtue; moral excellence; admirable quality

基础

jīchǔ — foundation; basis; fundamental groundwork

买卖

mǎimài — buying and selling; trade; commercial transaction

中

zhōng — in; within; among; middle

寻常

xúncháng — ordinary; common; usual; everyday

诚信

chéngxìn — integrity; honesty and trustworthiness in dealings

不过

bùguò — only; merely; however; but

是

shì — is; are; to be (copula verb)

影子

yǐngzi — shadow; reflection; a pale imitation

则

zé — then; in that case; whereas (classical connective)

善

shàn — goodness; the Good; virtue; moral excellence

理念

lǐniàn — idea; ideal; philosophical Form or concept

乃

nǎi — is; then; thus (classical emphatic copula)

世界

shìjiè — world; the entire realm of existence

之

zhī — classical possessive/linking particle equivalent to 的

和谐

héxié — harmony; harmonious state; peaceful concord

制度

zhìdù — system; institution; established set of rules

亦

yì — also; too; likewise (classical form of 也)

天体

tiāntǐ — celestial body; astronomical object in the sky

运行

yùnxíng — to operate; to move in orbit; to run

参

cān — refer to; see also; consult (citation usage)

第

dì — ordinal prefix; the (number)th

节

jié — section; passage; segment of a text

理想国

Lǐxiǎng Guó — The Republic; Plato's famous philosophical work

政治

zhèngzhì — politics; political affairs; governance

面向

miànxiàng — oriented toward; dimension facing a direction

而非

ér fēi — rather than; instead of; and not

伦理

lúnlǐ — ethics; moral principles; ethical theory

主要

zhǔyào — main; primary; principal; most important

探讨

tàntǎo — to explore; to investigate; to discuss in depth

关于

guānyú — regarding; concerning; about a topic

外部

wàibù — external; outer; pertaining to the outside

种种

zhǒngzhǒng — various kinds; all sorts of; many different

假说

jiǎshuō — hypothesis; conjecture; theoretical supposition

然而

rán'ér — however; nevertheless; yet; even so

其中

qízhōng — among them; within it; therein

却

què — yet; however; but (mild contrast marker)

含有

hányǒu — to contain; to include; to have within

诸多

zhūduō — numerous; many; a great number of

迹象

jìxiàng — sign; indication; trace suggesting something

表明

biǎomíng — to indicate; to show clearly; to demonstrate

同一

tóngyī — the same; identical; one and the same

认为

rènwéi — to think; to believe; to consider that

着

zhe — ongoing aspect particle; in the state of

自然

zìrán — nature; natural world; naturally; of course

人类

rénlèi — humanity; humankind; the human race

无论

wúlùn — regardless of; no matter; whether or not

古代

gǔdài — ancient times; antiquity; the ancient era

还是

háishì — or; still; used in alternatives or questions

近代

jìndài — modern times; the recent historical era

这一

zhè yī — this particular; this one (specific thing)

问题

wèntí — question; problem; issue

都

dōu — all; both; already (universal quantifier)

过度

guòdù — excessive; overly; beyond appropriate measure

渲染

xuànrǎn — to exaggerate; to embellish; to overdramatize

了

le — aspect particle indicating completion or new state

批评

pīpíng — criticism; to criticize; critical evaluation

有

yǒu — to have; there is/are; to exist

一个

yī gè — one; a single (general measure word)

阶段

jiēduàn — stage; phase; a period in a process

作品

zuòpǐn — work; artistic or literary creation

艺术

yìshù — art; artistic creation; fine arts

一切

yīqiè — everything; all things; without exception

皆

jiē — all; every; without exception (classical)

归因于

guīyīn yú — to attribute to; to ascribe the cause to

设计

shèjì — design; plan; to design intentionally