The Scarlet Letter — Page 5

Vocabulary

しかし

shikashi — Conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but'.

思考

shikou — Thought, thinking, or mental reasoning process.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle in Japanese grammar.

凍りつき

kooritsuki — Freezing up, becoming paralyzed with fear or shock.

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, or expression used in speech.

麻痺

mahi — Paralysis or numbness affecting movement or function.

して

shite — Te-form of 'suru'; connects verbs in a sequence.

しまう

shimau — Auxiliary verb indicating an unintended or completed action.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle in Japanese.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

話し手

hanashite — Speaker, the person who is speaking.

聴衆

choushu — Audience or listeners gathered to hear a speaker.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

何らかの

nanraka no — Some kind of, some sort of connection or relation.

真

shin — True, genuine, or authentic in nature.

関係

kankei — Relationship, connection, or association between people.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or indirect object.

立っ

tatt(e) — Standing; te-form base of 'tatsu' (to stand).

て

te — Conjunctive particle linking sequential or causal clauses.

い

i — Stem of 'iru'; indicates ongoing or continuous state.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; indicates absence or negation.

場合

baai — Case, situation, or circumstance under consideration.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause.

ある

aru — To exist; copula used for inanimate things.

から

kara — Particle meaning 'because', 'from', or 'after'.

友人

yuujin — Friend, a person one has close friendship with.

親切

shinsetsu — Kindness, friendliness, or benevolent consideration for others.

思いやり

omoiyari — Empathy, compassion, or consideration for others' feelings.

最も

mottomo — Most, extremely; superlative adverb in Japanese.

親しい

shitashii — Close, intimate, or familiar in relationship.

誰か

dareka — Someone, somebody; an unspecified person.

私たち

watashitachi — We, us; first-person plural pronoun.

話

hanashi — Talk, story, or conversation shared between people.

耳

mimi — Ear; the organ used for hearing sounds.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

傾け

katamuke — To incline or lend; as in 'lend an ear'.

いる

iru — To be; indicates existence or ongoing action.

想像

souzou — Imagination or the act of imagining something mentally.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizer for verbal phrases.

許さ

yurusa — Stem of 'yurusu'; to permit, allow, or forgive.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix.

かも

kamo — Particle suggesting possibility; 'maybe' or 'perhaps'.

しれ

shire — Part of 'shirenai'; expresses uncertainty or possibility.

そう

sou — So, that way; indicates agreement or supposition.

すれ

sure — Conditional stem of 'suru'; 'if one does so'.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'.

生来

seizai / shōrai — Innate, inborn; a quality present from birth.

内気

uchiki — Shyness or timidity; an introverted personality trait.

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives into abstract nouns.

も

mo — Particle meaning 'also', 'too', or 'even'.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to nearby thing.

温か

atataka — Warm, warmhearted; stem form of 'atatakai'.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

意識

ishiki — Consciousness, awareness, or sense of something.

よっ

yot(te) — By means of; te-form of 'yoru' (to depend on).

解か

toka / hodoka — To be loosened, untied, or released from constraint.

身

mi — Body, oneself, or one's personal situation.

回り

mawari — Surroundings, vicinity, or things around oneself.

状況

joukyou — Situation, circumstances, or current state of affairs.

つい

tsui — Unintentionally, inadvertently; also means 'just recently'.

また

mata — Again, also, or furthermore; additive conjunction.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the speaker.

自身

jishin — Oneself, personally; emphatic reflexive expression.

さえ

sae — Even; particle emphasizing an extreme or unexpected case.

饒舌

jouzetu — Talkative, loquacious; speaking in an eloquent or verbose way.

語る

kataru — To tell, narrate, or speak about something at length.

でき

deki — Stem of 'dekiru'; to be able to do something.

それ

sore — That; demonstrative pronoun for things at medium distance.

でも

demo — But, even so; concessive conjunction or inclusive particle.

内なる

uchinaru — Inner, internal; describing something within oneself.

自我

jiga — Ego or self; one's own sense of individual identity.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective modifying a following noun.

ベール

beeru — Veil; a concealing cover or layer hiding something.

背後

haigo — Behind, in the background; the rear or hidden side.

留め

tome — To keep, retain, or hold something in place.

おく

oku — Auxiliary meaning to do something in preparation or advance.

程度

teido — Degree, extent, or level of something measurable.

おい

oite — At, in; te-form of 'oku' used in formal expression.

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative pronoun for nearby items.

限界

genkai — Limit, boundary, or maximum extent of something.

内

nai / uchi — Within, inside; indicating a boundary or scope.

作者

sakusha — Author, writer, or creator of a literary work.

読者

dokusha — Reader; a person who reads books or texts.

権利

kenri — Right, entitlement, or legal claim to something.

自ら

mizukara — By oneself, personally; acting on one's own initiative.

侵す

okasu — To violate, infringe upon, or invade something sacred.

なく

naku — Without; negative conjunctive form linking clauses.

自伝

jiden — Autobiography; a self-written account of one's life.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ish', or '-related'.

私

watashi — I, me; first-person singular personal pronoun.

思う

omou — To think, feel, or believe something personally.

同様

douyou — Similarly, in the same way or manner.

税関

zeikan — Customs; the government office checking imported goods.

スケッチ

suketchi — Sketch; a brief or rough outline or drawing.

文学

bungaku — Literature; written works of artistic or intellectual value.

常

tsune — Always, usually; indicating a customary or constant state.

認め

mitome — To recognize, acknowledge, or approve of something.

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary attached to verb stems.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending in Japanese.

種類

shurui — Type, kind, or category of something classified.

一定

ittei — Fixed, certain, or consistent level of something.

妥当性

datousei — Validity, appropriateness, or legitimacy of an argument.

持つ

motsu — To have, hold, or possess something physically or abstractly.

明らか

akiraka — Clear, obvious, or evident to observers.

なる

naru — To become; indicates a change of state or condition.

だろう

darou — Probably, likely; expresses conjecture or supposition.

すなわち

sunawachi — Namely, that is to say; clarifying conjunction.

以下

ika — Below, the following; at or under a certain level.

ページ

peeji — Page; a single side of a book or document.

大部分

daibubun — Most, the greater part of a whole amount.

いかに

ikani — How, in what way; formal interrogative adverb.

手

te — Hand; the body part or a means of action.

渡っ

watatt(e) — To pass through or cross; te-form of 'wataru'.

か

ka — Question particle or indicates uncertainty when embedded.

説明

setsumei — Explanation or description provided to clarify something.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of 'suru'; also lists reasons.

そこ

soko — There, that place; demonstrative pronoun for location.

含まれる

fukumareru — To be included or contained within something.

物語

monogatari — Story, tale, or narrative account of events.

真正性

shinsei-sei — Authenticity; the quality of being genuine and true.

証拠

shoukou — Evidence, proof, or testimony supporting a claim.

提供

teikyou — To provide, offer, or supply something to someone.

もの

mono — Thing, object, or nominalizer expressing expectation.

実

jitsu — Truth, reality; 'in fact' when used adverbially.

ところ

tokoro — Place, point, or situation; versatile noun in Japanese.

これ

kore — This; demonstrative pronoun for nearby objects.

巻

kan — Volume or chapter of a book or series.

構成

kousei — Composition, structure, or the way something is organized.

中

naka — Inside, middle, or among a group of things.

冗長

jouchou — Verbose, redundant; unnecessarily long or wordy.

作品

sakuhin — Work of art, literary piece, or creative production.

編者

hensha — Editor; a person who compiles or edits a work.

あるいは

aruiwa — Or, alternatively; presenting another option or possibility.

より

yori — Than, from; comparative or origin-indicating particle.

ほんの

hon no — Just, merely, only a very little amount.

わずか

wazuka — Slight, small, only a tiny amount or degree.

多い

ooi — Many, numerous; indicates a large quantity.

役割

yakuwari — Role, part, or function one plays in a situation.

立場

tachiba — Standpoint, position, or one's stance on a matter.

置き

oki — To place, put, or leave something somewhere.

たい

tai — Suffix expressing desire or wish to do something.

という

to iu — Called, known as; quoting or defining a concept.

願望

ganbou — Wish, desire, or longing for something specific.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle stressing the preceding word.

そして

soshite — And then, and so; additive or sequential conjunction.

以外

igai — Other than, except for; excluding something mentioned.

何物

nanimono — Something, anything; used often in negative expressions.

公衆

koushu — The public, general public, or the masses.

個人

kojin — Individual, private person; as opposed to a group.

引き受ける

hikiukeru — To take on, accept, or undertake a responsibility.

理由

riyuu — Reason, cause, or grounds for a decision or action.

主要

shuyou — Main, primary, or most important among several things.

目的

mokuteki — Purpose, goal, or objective one aims to achieve.

達成

tassei — Achievement or accomplishment of a goal or objective.

あたり

atari — Around, about; in the vicinity of or per unit.

いくつか

ikutsuka — Several, some; an unspecified small number of things.

追加

tsuika — Addition, supplement; adding something extra to existing content.

描写

byousha — Description, depiction, or portrayal of a scene or person.

まで

made — Until, up to, as far as; indicating a limit.

描か

egaka — Stem of 'egaku'; to draw, depict, or portray.

れた

reta — Past passive ending; was done or was depicted.

生活

seikatsu — Life, daily living, or lifestyle of a person.

様式

youshiki — Style, mode, or pattern of doing something.

淡い

awai — Pale, faint, or light in color or impression.

表現

hyougen — Expression, representation, or way of conveying meaning.

与え

atae — To give, grant, or provide something to someone.

生きる

ikiru — To live, to be alive; to exist as a person.

人物

jinbutsu — Person, character, or figure in a story or history.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate beings.

たまたま

tamatama — By chance, coincidentally, or accidentally happening.

加わる

kuwawaru — To join, be added, or participate in something.

なっ

natt(e) — Te-form of 'naru'; having become or changed into.

者

mono / sha — Person; suffix or standalone word for a person.

とも

tomo — Even, both, or together; inclusive or concessive particle.

描き出す

egakidasu — To draw out, portray vividly, or bring to life.

思わ

omowa — Negative/passive base of 'omou'; to think or feel.