The Souls of Black Folk — Page 12

Vocabulary

彼

kare — He; that person (male third-person pronoun).

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

初めて

hajimete — For the first time; first occurrence of something.

自分

jibun — Oneself; referring to one's own self.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

背負っ

seotte — Carrying on one's back; bearing a burden.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verbs or clauses.

いる

iru — To be; indicates ongoing state or action.

重荷

omoni — Heavy burden; load weighing heavily on someone.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

分析

bunseki — Analysis; breaking down a subject for examination.

しよう

shiyou — Volitional form of 'suru'; let's do; intend to do.

と

to — Particle indicating quotation or result of thinking.

し

shi — Conjunctive stem of 'suru'; did; connecting action.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action.

それ

sore — That; referring to something previously mentioned.

半ば

nakaba — Halfway; partially; in the middle of something.

名ばかり

nabakari — In name only; nominal without real substance.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

黒人

kokujin — Black person; person of African descent.

問題

mondai — Problem; issue; matter requiring attention or solution.

陰

kage — Shadow; shade; hidden or dark side of something.

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or indirect object.

部分的

bubunteki — Partial; relating to only one part of something.

隠さ

kakusa — Hidden; concealed from view or awareness.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary indicating action done to subject.

社会的

shakaiteki — Social; relating to society and its structures.

堕落

daraku — Moral degradation; corruption; decline into depravity.

という

to iu — Called; known as; expressing definition or labeling.

死重

shijuu — Dead weight; useless burden dragging one down.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause.

あっ

atte — Conjunctive form of 'aru'; being; existing (connective).

自ら

mizukara — By oneself; personally; of one's own accord.

貧し

mazushi — Poor; lacking financial resources; impoverished.

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives, creating abstract nouns.

痛感

tsuukan — Keenly feeling; acutely realizing a painful truth.

一銭

issen — One sen; a single coin; absolutely no money.

も

mo — Also; even; not even (with negation particle).

持た

mota — Negative base of 'motsu'; not having or possessing.

ず

zu — Classical negative auxiliary; without doing something.

家

ie — House; home; family dwelling place.

なく

naku — Without; lacking; negative connective form.

土地

tochi — Land; plot of ground; territory one owns.

道具

dougu — Tool; implement; instrument used for work.

貯蓄

chochiku — Savings; accumulation of money for future use.

ない

nai — Negative form; does not exist; there is none.

まま

mama — As is; remaining in an unchanged state or condition.

裕福

yuufuku — Wealthy; prosperous; having abundant financial resources.

持ち

mochi — Possessing; having; holder of something valuable.

技術

gijutsu — Skill; technique; technical ability or expertise.

持つ

motsu — To hold; to have; to possess something.

隣人

rinjin — Neighbor; person living nearby in the community.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate beings.

競争

kyousou — Competition; rivalry; contending against others for something.

身

mi — One's own body or self; personal situation.

投じ

touji — Throwing oneself into; engaging in something actively.

い

i — Continuative form of 'iru'; being; existing ongoing.

だ

da — Copula asserting identity or state; is; am; are.

人間

ningen — Human being; person; humanity as a concept.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; to have (for inanimate things).

こと

koto — Thing; fact; abstract nominalization of a verb phrase.

辛い

tsurai — Painful; hard to bear; emotionally or physically difficult.

金銭

kinsen — Money; currency; monetary value or financial matters.

万能

bannou — Almighty; all-powerful; capable of everything.

国

kuni — Country; nation; land; one's homeland.

おい

oi — In; among; archaic locative particle (literary form).

人種

jinshu — Race; ethnic classification of people by ancestry.

苦難

kunan — Hardship; suffering; great difficulty and distress.

まさに

masani — Indeed; exactly; precisely; truly without doubt.

底辺

teihen — Bottom; lowest level; base of society or hierarchy.

無知

muchi — Ignorance; lack of knowledge or understanding.

重さ

omosa — Weight; heaviness; the degree of being heavy.

感じ

kanji — Feeling; sense; impression received from experience.

単に

tanni — Simply; merely; only; nothing more than that.

文字

moji — Letter; character; written symbol representing language.

人生

jinsei — Life; one's lifetime journey and experiences.

や

ya — And; listing particle connecting multiple nouns loosely.

商業

shougyou — Commerce; trade; business activities and transactions.

人文学

jinbungaku — Humanities; academic disciplines studying human culture.

関する

kansuru — To relate to; to concern; pertaining to something.

あり

ari — Existing; there being; classical connective form of 'aru'.

幾十年

ikujuunen — Decades; many tens of years spanning long time.

幾

iku — How many; several; used in counting expressions.

世紀

seiki — Century; a period of one hundred years.

わたっ

watatte — Spanning across; extending over a period of time.

積み重なっ

tsumikasanatte — Having piled up; accumulated layer upon layer over time.

怠惰

taida — Laziness; idleness; lack of diligence or effort.

責任

sekinin — Responsibility; duty; accountability for one's actions.

回避

kaihi — Avoidance; evading responsibility or a difficult situation.

不器用

bukiyou — Clumsy; unskillful; lacking dexterity or finesse.

手足

teashi — Hands and feet; limbs; one's bodily extremities.

縛っ

shibatte — Binding; tying; restraining freedom of movement.

しかし

shikashi — However; but; conjunctive expressing contrast or opposition.

貧困

hinkon — Poverty; destitution; state of extreme financial lack.

だけ

dake — Only; just; limited to; nothing more than.

なかっ

nakatte — Was not; did not exist; past negative connective form.

二

ni — Two; the number 2; second in a sequence.

わたる

wataru — To span; to extend across time or space.

組織的

soshikiteki — Systematic; organized; carried out in a structured manner.

かつ

katsu — And; moreover; simultaneously; both at the same time.

合法的

gouhouteki — Legal; lawful; in accordance with established law.

な

na — Adjectival copula linking na-adjectives to nouns.

女性

josei — Woman; female; the female gender generally.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward something.

汚辱

ojoku — Dishonor; humiliation; degrading insult or defilement.

刻み込ん

kizamikon — Engraved; carved deeply; imprinted indelibly into something.

私生児

shiseiji — Illegitimate child; child born outside of marriage.

赤い

akai — Red; crimson; vivid red color; also symbolizing shame.

汚点

oten — Stain; blemish; mark of disgrace or shame.

古来

kourai — Since ancient times; from olden days; traditionally.

アフリカ

Afurika — Africa; the continent of Africa.

貞潔

teiketsu — Chastity; purity; moral sexual virtue and faithfulness.

失わ

ushinawa — Lost; stripped away; deprived of something valuable.

意味

imi — Meaning; significance; what something signifies or denotes.

する

suru — To do; to perform; general-purpose action verb.

白人

hakujin — White person; person of Caucasian or European descent.

姦通

kantsuu — Adultery; sexual infidelity; violation of marital fidelity.

者

sha/mono — Person; one who does something; agent suffix.

よる

yoru — By; due to; caused by (indicating agent or cause).

腐敗

fuhai — Corruption; decay; moral or physical rotting away.

塊

katamari — Lump; mass; clump of something grouped together.

遺伝的

identeki — Genetic; hereditary; passed down through biological lineage.

として

toshite — As; in the capacity of; functioning in a role.

残さ

nokosa — Left behind; passed down; allowed to remain remaining.

家庭

katei — Home; family; domestic household unit and life.

ほぼ

hobo — Almost; nearly; approximately; for the most part.

消滅

shoumetsu — Extinction; disappearance; complete ceasing to exist.

させ

sase — Causative auxiliary causing or allowing someone to act.

よう

you — Appearing to; seeming like; volitional or likeness expression.

脅威

kyoui — Threat; menace; dangerous force causing fear or concern.

もたらす

motarasu — To bring about; to cause; to produce a result.

もの

mono — Thing; object; matter; something with substance or meaning.

この

kono — This; referring to something near the speaker.

ハンディキャップ

handikyyappu — Handicap; disadvantage; obstacle limiting one's ability.

負っ

otte — Bearing; carrying; shouldering a burden or injury.

民族

minzoku — Ethnic group; people; nation sharing cultural heritage.

世界

sekai — World; the entire globe; all of existence broadly.

求め

motome — Seeking; demanding; asking for something earnestly.

られる

rareru — Passive or potential auxiliary; can do; is done to.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing moral obligation or duty.

むしろ

mushiro — Rather; instead; preferably; more accurately speaking.

すべて

subete — All; everything; every single thing without exception.

時間

jikan — Time; duration; a specific period or amount of time.

思考

shikou — Thought; thinking; the process of mental reasoning.

注ぐ

sosogu — To pour; to devote; to direct effort into something.

許さ

yurusa — Permitted; allowed; forgiven; granted permission to act.

悲しい

kanashii — Sad; sorrowful; filled with grief or sorrow.

かな

kana — Exclamatory particle expressing emotion or reflection (literary).

社会

shakai — Society; community; the social world broadly.

学者

gakusha — Scholar; academic; learned person devoted to study.

売春婦

baishunfu — Prostitute; woman engaged in commercial sexual transactions.

数

kazu — Number; count; quantity of something being measured.

嬉々

kiki — Gleefully; joyfully; with great delight and enthusiasm.

数え上げ

kazoeage — Counting up; enumerating; listing items one by one.

間

aida/ma — Between; interval; period of time or space.

労苦

rouku — Toil; hardship; laborious effort involving suffering.

汗する

ase suru — To sweat; to labor hard with great physical effort.

その

sono — That; the (referring to something previously mentioned).

魂

tamashii — Soul; spirit; the innermost essence of a person.

深大

shindai — Profound; vast; deeply significant and immeasurably large.

絶望

zetsubou — Despair; hopelessness; complete loss of hope.

影

kage — Shadow; dark shape cast by blocking light.

よっ

yotte — By means of; due to; through (causal connective form).

暗く

kuraku — Darkly; dimly; in a gloomy or shadowed manner.

染め

some — Dyeing; coloring; staining with a particular hue.

られ

rare — Passive auxiliary indicating action performed upon subject.

いく

iku — To go; progressive auxiliary indicating gradual change.