Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 8
In consequence of modern rationalism there is a tendency on the part of a considerable number of the Tinguian to consider these tales purely as stories and the characters as fictitious, but the mass of the people hold them to be true and speak of the actors as "the people who lived in the first times."
Como consecuencia del racionalismo moderno, existe una tendencia por parte de un número considerable de tinguianos a considerar estos relatos puramente como historias y a los personajes como ficticios, pero la mayoría de la gente los considera verdaderos y habla de los actores como "las personas que vivieron en los primeros tiempos".
For the present we shall take their point of view and shall try to reconstruct the life in "the first times" as it appears in the tales.
Por ahora adoptaremos su punto de vista e intentaremos reconstruir la vida en "los primeros tiempos" tal como aparece en los relatos.
The principal actors live in Kadalayapan and Kaodanan, [6] towns which our chief story teller--when trying to explain the desire of Kanag to go down and get fruit--assures us were somewhere in the air, above the earth (p. 141).
Los personajes principales viven en Kadalayapan y Kaodanan, [6] poblaciones que nuestro principal narrador —al intentar explicar el deseo de Kanag de bajar a recoger fruta— nos asegura que se encontraban en algún lugar del aire, sobre la tierra (p. 141).
[7] At other times these places are referred to as Sudipan--the term by which spirits are supposed to call the present earth--while the actors are referred to as Ipogau--the spirit name for Tinguian.
[7] En otras ocasiones, estos lugares son denominados Sudipan —el término con el que se supone que los espíritus llaman a la tierra actual— mientras que los actores son denominados Ipogau —el nombre espiritual de los tinguianos.
Whatever its location it was a place much like the present home of this people.
Independientemente de su ubicación, era un lugar muy parecido al hogar actual de este pueblo.
The sky, the chief abode of spirits and celestial bodies, was above the land, and the heroes of the tales are pictured as ascending to visit the upper realms.
El cielo, morada principal de los espíritus y de los cuerpos celestes, estaba sobre la tierra, y los héroes de los relatos son descritos ascendiendo para visitar los reinos superiores.
The trees, plants, and animals were for the most part those known to-day.
Los árboles, las plantas y los animales eran en su mayor parte los que se conocen hoy en día.
The ocean appears to have been well known, while mention is made of some places in Luzon, such as Dagopan and San Fernando in Pangasinan with which the people of to-day are not at all familiar (p.
El océano parece haber sido bien conocido, mientras que se mencionan algunos lugares de Luzón, como Dagopan y San Fernando en Pangasinán, con los que la gente de hoy en día no está en absoluto familiarizada (p.
Vocabulary
- Como
- Used to mean 'as' or 'like' in comparisons
- consecuencia
- Result or outcome of a cause or action
- del
- Contraction of 'de' and 'el', meaning 'of the'
- racionalismo
- Philosophical doctrine emphasizing reason over faith or tradition
- moderno
- Relating to the present or recent times; modern
- existe
- Third-person singular of 'existir'; there exists or is
- una
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' (feminine)
- tendencia
- A tendency or inclination toward something
- por
- Preposition meaning 'by', 'for', or 'through'
- parte
- A portion or side; 'por parte de' means 'on the part of'
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of', 'from', or 'about'
- un
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' (masculine)
- número
- A number or quantity of something
- considerable
- Large or significant in size, amount, or importance
- a
- Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'
- considerar
- To consider or regard something in a particular way
- estos
- Demonstrative pronoun or adjective meaning 'these'
- relatos
- Stories, accounts, or narratives told or written
- puramente
- Purely, solely, or in an entirely pure manner
- historias
- Stories, histories, or narrative accounts of events
- y
- Conjunction meaning 'and', connecting words or clauses
- los
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine plural)
- personajes
- Characters or figures in a story or narrative
- ficticios
- Fictional or invented; not based on real events
- pero
- Conjunction meaning 'but', introducing a contrast
- la
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine singular)
- mayoría
- The majority or greater part of a group
- gente
- People or persons in general
- considera
- Third-person singular of 'considerar'; considers or regards
- verdaderos
- True, real, or genuine; not false or fictional
- habla
- Speaks; third-person singular of 'hablar'
- actores
- Actors or participants in an event or story
- las
- Definite article meaning 'the' (feminine plural)
- personas
- People or individual human beings
- que
- Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'who'
- vivieron
- They lived; preterite form of 'vivir'
- en
- Preposition meaning 'in', 'on', or 'at'
- primeros
- First; referring to the earliest times or order
- tiempos
- Times or periods in history or a sequence
- Por
- Preposition meaning 'for', 'by', or 'through'
- ahora
- Now or at the present moment in time
- adoptaremos
- We will adopt; future tense of 'adoptar'
- su
- Possessive pronoun meaning 'his', 'her', 'their', or 'your'
- punto
- A point, dot, or specific position in space
- vista
- View or sight; 'punto de vista' means 'point of view'
- e
- Variant of 'y' (and) used before words starting with 'i'
- intentaremos
- We will try; future tense of 'intentar'
- reconstruir
- To reconstruct or rebuild something from available information
- vida
- Life or the state of being alive
- tal
- Such or as; used for comparisons or descriptions
- aparece
- Appears; third-person singular of 'aparecer'
- Los
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine plural)
- principales
- Main or principal; most important characters or elements
- viven
- They live; third-person plural of 'vivir'
- poblaciones
- Towns, villages, or populations of a given place
- nuestro
- Our; possessive adjective referring to a shared possession
- principal
- Main or primary; most important among several options
- narrador
- Narrator; the person who tells or recounts a story
- al
- Contraction of 'a' and 'el', meaning 'to the'
- intentar
- To try or attempt to do something
- explicar
- To explain or clarify something to someone
- el
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine singular)
- deseo
- A desire or wish for something
- bajar
- To go down, descend, or lower something
- recoger
- To pick up or collect something from a place
- fruta
- Fruit; edible produce from trees or plants
- nos
- Us or to us; first-person plural object pronoun
- asegura
- Assures or ensures; third-person singular of 'asegurar'
- se
- Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive or passive verbs
- encontraban
- They were located or found; imperfect of 'encontrar'
- algún
- Some or a certain; indefinite adjective before masculine noun
- lugar
- A place or location in space
- aire
- Air; the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth
- sobre
- Above, on, or about something
- tierra
- Earth, land, or ground; the surface of the planet
- En
- Preposition meaning 'in', 'on', or 'at'
- otras
- Other; referring to different or additional feminine nouns
- ocasiones
- Occasions or instances when something happens
- lugares
- Places or locations; plural of 'lugar'
- son
- They are; third-person plural of 'ser'
- denominados
- Named or called; past participle of 'denominar'
- término
- A term, word, or end point of something
- con
- Preposition meaning 'with'
- supone
- Supposes or implies; third-person singular of 'suponer'
- espíritus
- Spirits or supernatural beings in religious or folk belief
- llaman
- They call; third-person plural of 'llamar'
- actual
- Current or present; relating to the present time
- mientras
- While or whereas; used to contrast two simultaneous actions
- nombre
- Name; the word used to identify a person or place
- espiritual
- Spiritual; relating to the spirit or non-material realm
- Independientemente
- Independently; regardless of other factors or conditions
- ubicación
- Location or position of something in space
- era
- Was; third-person singular imperfect of 'ser'
- muy
- Very; adverb used to intensify adjectives or adverbs
- parecido
- Similar or resembling something else closely
- hogar
- Home or hearth; a place where one lives
- este
- This; demonstrative adjective or pronoun (masculine singular)
- pueblo
- A town, village, or people of a community
- El
- Definite article meaning 'the' (masculine singular)
- cielo
- Sky or heaven; the expanse above the earth
- morada
- Dwelling or abode; a place where someone lives
- cuerpos
- Bodies; physical forms of persons or celestial objects
- celestes
- Celestial; relating to the sky or heavenly bodies
- estaba
- Was; third-person singular imperfect of 'estar'
- héroes
- Heroes; people admired for courage or noble qualities
- descritos
- Described; past participle of 'describir'
- ascendiendo
- Ascending or rising upward; gerund of 'ascender'
- para
- For or in order to; indicating purpose or destination
- visitar
- To visit or go to see a place or person
- reinos
- Kingdoms or realms; territories ruled by a king
- superiores
- Superior or higher; above in rank, position, or quality
- árboles
- Trees; large perennial plants with woody trunks
- plantas
- Plants; living organisms that grow in soil
- animales
- Animals; living creatures other than humans or plants
- eran
- They were; third-person plural imperfect of 'ser'
- mayor
- Greater or older; comparative of 'grande'
- conocen
- They know; third-person plural of 'conocer'
- hoy
- Today; the current day
- día
- Day; a 24-hour period of time
- océano
- Ocean; a vast body of salt water covering earth
- parece
- Seems or appears; third-person singular of 'parecer'
- haber
- To have; auxiliary verb used in compound tenses
- sido
- Been; past participle of 'ser', used in compound tenses
- bien
- Well or good; adverb indicating quality or degree
- conocido
- Known or familiar; past participle of 'conocer'
- mencionan
- They mention; third-person plural of 'mencionar'
- algunos
- Some or a few; indefinite pronoun (masculine plural)
- San
- Saint; used as a title before a male saint's name
- no
- No or not; used to negate a verb or statement
- está
- Is; third-person singular of 'estar' (state or location)
- absoluto
- Absolute; 'en absoluto' means 'not at all'
- familiarizada
- Familiar or acquainted with something (feminine form)
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