Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 5
None of the folk-tales are considered as the property of the tellers, but only those of the third division are well known to the people in general.
Aucun des contes populaires n'est considéré comme la propriété des conteurs, mais seuls ceux de la troisième division sont bien connus du peuple en général.
Those of the first section are seldom heard except during the dry season when the people gather around bonfires in various parts of the village.
Ceux de la première section sont rarement entendus, sauf pendant la saison sèche, lorsque les gens se rassemblent autour de feux de joie dans diverses parties du village.
To these go the men and women, the latter to spin cotton, the former to make fish nets or to repair their tools and weapons.
Là se rendent les hommes et les femmes, ces dernières pour filer le coton, les premiers pour fabriquer des filets de pêche ou réparer leurs outils et leurs armes.
In such a gathering there are generally one or more persons who entertain their fellows with these tales.
Dans un tel rassemblement, il y a généralement une ou plusieurs personnes qui divertissent leurs semblables avec ces contes.
Such a person is not paid for his services, but the fact that he knows "the stories of the first times" makes him a welcome addition to the company and gives him an enviable position in the estimation of his fellows.
Une telle personne n'est pas rémunérée pour ses services, mais le fait qu'elle connaisse « les histoires des premiers temps » en fait un ajout bienvenu à la compagnie et lui confère une position enviable aux yeux de ses semblables.
The purely ritualistic tales, called _diams_, are learned word by word by the mediums, [1] as a part of their training for their positions, and are only recited while an animal is being stroked with oil preparatory to its being sacrificed, or when some other gift is about to be presented to the superior beings.
Les contes purement rituels, appelés _diams_, sont appris mot par mot par les médiums, [1] dans le cadre de leur formation à leurs fonctions, et ne sont récités que lorsqu'un animal est enduit d'huile en préparation à son sacrifice, ou lorsqu'un autre don est sur le point d'être offert aux êtres supérieurs.
The writer has recorded these _diams_ from various mediums in widely separated towns and has found them quite uniform in text and content.
L'auteur a recueilli ces _diams_ auprès de divers médiums dans des villes très éloignées les unes des autres et les a trouvés assez uniformes dans leur texte et leur contenu.
The explanatory tales were likewise secured from the mediums, or from old men and women who "know the customs."
Les contes explicatifs ont également été recueillis auprès des médiums, ou de vieux hommes et femmes qui « connaissent les coutumes ».
Vocabulary
- Aucun
- Not any, none; used in negative constructions
- des
- Of the; indefinite plural article
- contes
- Tales or stories, especially folk or fairy tales
- populaires
- Popular, belonging to the common people
- n'
- Contracted negation particle used before vowels
- est
- Is; third person singular of être
- considéré
- Considered, regarded as something specific
- comme
- As, like; used for comparison or role
- la
- The; feminine definite article
- propriété
- Property, ownership, or something owned exclusively
- conteurs
- Storytellers, those who narrate tales publicly
- mais
- But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast
- seuls
- Only, alone; indicating exclusivity
- ceux
- Those; demonstrative pronoun referring to people or things
- de
- Of, from; general preposition of belonging or origin
- troisième
- Third; ordinal number indicating position three
- division
- Division, category, or section of a group
- sont
- Are; third person plural of être
- bien
- Well, very; adverb intensifying or affirming
- connus
- Known, familiar; past participle of connaître
- du
- Of the; contracted masculine definite article
- peuple
- People, common folk, general population
- en
- In, as; preposition of location or state
- général
- General; referring to the whole or majority
- Ceux
- Those; demonstrative pronoun for previously mentioned items
- première
- First; feminine ordinal indicating initial position
- section
- Section, part, or division of a whole
- rarement
- Rarely, seldom; occurring very infrequently
- entendus
- Heard; past participle of entendre
- sauf
- Except, unless; indicating an exclusion
- pendant
- During, while; preposition indicating time span
- saison
- Season; a period of the year with distinct character
- sèche
- Dry; adjective describing absence of moisture
- lorsque
- When; conjunction introducing a time clause
- les
- The; definite article for plural nouns
- gens
- People, folks; general term for individuals
- se
- Themselves; reflexive pronoun for third person
- rassemblent
- Gather, assemble together in one place
- autour
- Around, surrounding; preposition of position
- feux
- Fires; plural of feu, flames or bonfires
- joie
- Joy, happiness; strong positive emotion
- dans
- In, inside; preposition of location or time
- diverses
- Various, different; indicating multiple types
- parties
- Parts, areas, or sections of a place
- village
- Village; small rural community or settlement
- Là
- There; adverb indicating a specific location
- rendent
- Go, make their way; third plural of rendre
- hommes
- Men; adult males or human beings generally
- et
- And; coordinating conjunction linking elements
- femmes
- Women; adult females
- ces
- These, those; demonstrative adjective for plural nouns
- dernières
- The latter, the last ones mentioned
- pour
- For, in order to; preposition of purpose
- filer
- To spin thread or fiber into yarn
- le
- The; masculine singular definite article
- coton
- Cotton; natural fiber used in textiles
- premiers
- The former, the first ones mentioned
- fabriquer
- To make, manufacture, or craft something
- filets
- Nets; mesh tools used for fishing or trapping
- pêche
- Fishing; the activity of catching fish
- ou
- Or; coordinating conjunction offering an alternative
- réparer
- To repair, fix something that is broken
- leurs
- Their; possessive adjective for plural possession
- outils
- Tools; implements used for work or craft
- armes
- Weapons, arms; instruments used for fighting
- Dans
- In, within; preposition of location or context
- un
- A, an; masculine indefinite article
- tel
- Such, such a; demonstrative adjective of quality
- rassemblement
- Gathering, assembly of people in one place
- il
- He, it; third person masculine singular pronoun
- y
- There, in it; adverbial pronoun of location
- a
- Has, there is; third person singular of avoir
- généralement
- Generally, usually; in most cases or situations
- une
- A, an; feminine indefinite article
- plusieurs
- Several, multiple; more than two of something
- personnes
- Persons, individuals, people
- qui
- Who, which, that; relative or interrogative pronoun
- divertissent
- Entertain, amuse; third plural of divertir
- semblables
- Fellows, peers; those similar or alike
- avec
- With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means
- Une
- A, one; feminine indefinite article
- telle
- Such a; feminine demonstrative adjective of quality
- personne
- Person, individual; a human being
- pas
- Not; negation adverb used with ne
- rémunérée
- Paid, compensated; receiving payment for services
- ses
- His, her, its; possessive adjective third singular
- services
- Services; work or assistance provided to others
- fait
- Makes, does; third person singular of faire
- qu'
- That; contracted conjunction before vowel sounds
- elle
- She, it; third person feminine singular pronoun
- connaisse
- Knows; subjunctive of connaître, to know
- histoires
- Stories, histories; narratives or accounts of events
- temps
- Time, times; period or era
- ajout
- Addition, something added to a group
- bienvenu
- Welcome; received gladly or with pleasure
- à
- To, at, in; general preposition of direction or place
- compagnie
- Company, group of people gathered together
- lui
- Him, her, to him/her; indirect object pronoun
- confère
- Confers, grants; gives a quality or status
- position
- Position, status, standing within a group
- enviable
- Enviable; worthy of being envied by others
- aux
- To the, in the; contracted plural preposition
- yeux
- Eyes; plural of œil, the organs of sight
- Les
- The; definite article for plural nouns
- purement
- Purely, entirely; in a completely pure manner
- rituels
- Rituals; ceremonial acts performed in set order
- appelés
- Called, named; past participle of appeler
- appris
- Learned; past participle of apprendre
- mot
- Word; a single unit of language
- par
- By, per; preposition of agent or means
- médiums
- Mediums; persons acting as intermediaries with spirits
- cadre
- Framework, context, setting of an activity
- leur
- Their; singular possessive adjective third plural
- formation
- Training, formation; process of learning skills
- fonctions
- Functions, roles; duties performed by someone
- ne
- Not; first part of French negation ne…pas
- récités
- Recited; spoken aloud from memory publicly
- que
- Only, that, which; conjunction or restrictive adverb
- lorsqu'
- When; conjunction before vowel introducing time clause
- animal
- Animal; a living creature, often a sacrifice
- enduit
- Coated, smeared; covered with a substance
- d'
- Of, with; contracted preposition before vowel
- huile
- Oil; a liquid used for cooking or ritual
- préparation
- Preparation; process of making something ready
- son
- His, her, its; possessive adjective third singular
- sacrifice
- Sacrifice; ritual killing of an animal as offering
- autre
- Other, another; indicating a different one
- don
- Gift, offering; something given freely to another
- sur
- On, upon, about; preposition of position or topic
- point
- Point, about to; used in sur le point de
- être
- To be; fundamental infinitive verb of existence
- offert
- Offered, given; past participle of offrir
- êtres
- Beings, entities; living or spiritual creatures
- supérieurs
- Superior, higher; beings of greater power or rank
- L'
- The; definite article contracted before vowel
- auteur
- Author, collector; person who creates or gathers material
- recueilli
- Collected, gathered; past participle of recueillir
- auprès
- From, near; preposition indicating source or proximity
- divers
- Various, diverse; several different kinds
- villes
- Towns, cities; urban settlements
- très
- Very; adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb
- éloignées
- Far away, distant; remote from each other
- unes
- Ones; feminine plural pronoun of indefinite reference
- autres
- Others; additional or different people or things
- trouvés
- Found; past participle of trouver
- assez
- Quite, enough; moderately or sufficiently
- uniformes
- Uniform, consistent; showing little variation
- texte
- Text; written or spoken content of a work
- contenu
- Content, contents; what is contained within something
- explicatifs
- Explanatory; serving to clarify or explain meaning
- ont
- Have; third person plural of avoir
- également
- Also, equally; in addition or likewise
- été
- Been; past participle of être
- recueillis
- Collected, gathered; plural past participle of recueillir
- vieux
- Old; elderly people or old things
- connaissent
- Know; third plural of connaître, to be familiar with
- coutumes
- Customs, traditions; established social practices
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