Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 5
None of the folk-tales are considered as the property of the tellers, but only those of the third division are well known to the people in general.
民話はいずれも語り手の所有物とは見なされていないが、第三部門のものだけが一般の人々に広く知られている。
Those of the first section are seldom heard except during the dry season when the people gather around bonfires in various parts of the village.
第一部門のものは、村のさまざまな場所でたき火を囲んで人々が集まる乾季を除いて、ほとんど聞かれることがない。
To these go the men and women, the latter to spin cotton, the former to make fish nets or to repair their tools and weapons.
そこには男女が集まり、女性は綿を紡ぎ、男性は漁網を作ったり道具や武器を修繕したりする。
In such a gathering there are generally one or more persons who entertain their fellows with these tales.
そのような集まりには、仲間たちにこれらの話を聞かせる人物が一人あるいは複数いるのが一般的である。
Such a person is not paid for his services, but the fact that he knows "the stories of the first times" makes him a welcome addition to the company and gives him an enviable position in the estimation of his fellows.
そのような人物は報酬を受けるわけではないが、「太古の物語」を知っているという事実が、その人を仲間の集まりに歓迎される存在とし、仲間たちの間でうらやましい地位を与える。
The purely ritualistic tales, called _diams_, are learned word by word by the mediums, [1] as a part of their training for their positions, and are only recited while an animal is being stroked with oil preparatory to its being sacrificed, or when some other gift is about to be presented to the superior beings.
ディアムと呼ばれる純粋に儀礼的な話は、霊媒師たちが職務の訓練の一環として一語一語暗記するものであり、動物が生贄にされる前に油で撫でられている間、あるいは他の供物が上位の存在に捧げられようとするときにのみ朗唱される。
The writer has recorded these _diams_ from various mediums in widely separated towns and has found them quite uniform in text and content.
筆者は広く離れた各地の町においてさまざまな霊媒師からこれらのディアムを記録し、その文章と内容がきわめて均一であることを発見した。
The explanatory tales were likewise secured from the mediums, or from old men and women who "know the customs."
説明的な話もまた同様に、霊媒師や「慣習を知る」老人や老女から収集された。
Vocabulary
- 民話
- minwa — Folk tale or legend passed down through generations.
- は
- wa — Topic marker particle in Japanese grammar.
- いずれ
- izure — Either; any of; sooner or later.
- も
- mo — Also; too; even; particle indicating inclusion.
- 語り手
- katarите — Narrator or storyteller who tells stories.
- の
- no — Possessive or nominalizing particle in Japanese.
- 所有物
- shoyūbutsu — Possession; something owned by someone.
- と
- to — And; with; quotation particle in Japanese.
- 見なされ
- minasare — Regarded as; considered to be something.
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases.
- い
- i — Shortened form of iru, indicating ongoing state.
- ない
- nai — Negative ending; not; does not exist.
- が
- ga — Subject marker or contrasting conjunction particle.
- 第三
- daisan — Third; the third in a numbered sequence.
- 部門
- bumon — Section; department; division of an organization.
- もの
- mono — Thing; object; person; nominalizing expression.
- だけ
- dake — Only; just; limited to that amount.
- 一般
- ippan — General; common; ordinary; widely applicable.
- 人々
- hitobito — People; various individuals in a group.
- に
- ni — Direction, location, or purpose particle.
- 広く
- hiroku — Widely; broadly; in a widespread manner.
- 知られ
- shirase — Known; made aware; recognized by others.
- いる
- iru — To exist; to be (for animate things).
- 第一
- daiichi — First; number one; primary; foremost.
- 村
- mura — Village; small rural community or settlement.
- さまざま
- samazama — Various; diverse; all kinds of things.
- な
- na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.
- 場所
- basho — Place; location; spot; area where something occurs.
- で
- de — At; by means of; location or means particle.
- たき火
- takibi — Bonfire; campfire; open fire outdoors.
- を
- wo — Direct object marker particle in Japanese.
- 囲ん
- kakon — Surrounding; encircling; gathered around something.
- 集まる
- atsumaru — To gather; to assemble; to come together.
- 乾季
- kanki — Dry season; period of little rainfall.
- 除い
- nozoi — Excluding; except for; leaving out something.
- ほとんど
- hotondo — Almost; mostly; nearly; the greater part.
- 聞かれる
- kikareru — To be heard; to be asked; passive of hear.
- こと
- koto — Thing; fact; matter; nominalizing particle.
- そこ
- soko — There; that place; referring to nearby location.
- 男女
- danjo — Men and women; both sexes; male and female.
- 集まり
- atsumari — Gathering; meeting; assembly of people together.
- 女性
- josei — Woman; female; referring to the female gender.
- 綿
- wata — Cotton; soft fiber used for spinning thread.
- 紡ぎ
- tsumуgi — Spinning; drawing out fiber into thread.
- 男性
- dansei — Man; male; referring to the male gender.
- 漁網
- gyomō — Fishing net; net used to catch fish.
- 作っ
- tsukutte — Making; creating; producing something by hand.
- たり
- tari — Indicates representative actions among others.
- 道具
- dōgu — Tool; implement; instrument used for work.
- や
- ya — And; or; listing particle for multiple items.
- 武器
- buki — Weapon; arms; instrument used for fighting.
- 修繕
- shūzen — Repair; mending; fixing broken or worn items.
- し
- shi — And; doing; conjunctive form of verb suru.
- する
- suru — To do; to perform; basic action verb.
- その
- sono — That; referring to a previously mentioned thing.
- よう
- yō — Seeming; like; manner; appearance; way.
- 仲間
- nakama — Companion; friend; fellow member of group.
- たち
- tachi — Plural suffix indicating a group of people.
- これら
- korera — These; referring to multiple nearby things.
- 話
- hanashi — Story; talk; conversation; spoken narrative.
- 聞かせる
- kikaseru — To tell; to let someone hear a story.
- 人物
- jinbutsu — Person; individual; character of significance.
- 一人
- hitori — One person; alone; a single individual.
- ある
- aru — To exist; there is; to have something.
- 複数
- fukusū — Plural; multiple; more than one item.
- 一般的
- ippanteki — General; typical; commonly seen or expected.
- 報酬
- hōshū — Reward; compensation; payment for services rendered.
- 受ける
- ukeru — To receive; to accept; to undergo something.
- わけ
- wake — Reason; meaning; circumstance; it means that.
- 太古
- taiko — Ancient times; remote antiquity; prehistoric era.
- 物語
- monogatari — Story; tale; narrative of events or characters.
- 知っ
- shitte — Knowing; having knowledge of something.
- いう
- iu — To say; to call; to be called.
- 事実
- jijitsu — Fact; truth; actual occurrence or reality.
- 人
- hito — Person; human being; individual person.
- 歓迎
- kangei — Welcome; reception; warmly receiving someone.
- さ
- sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives; also casual filler.
- れる
- reru — Passive or potential verb ending in Japanese.
- 存在
- sonzai — Existence; being; presence of someone or something.
- 間
- aida — Between; among; interval; period of time.
- うらやましい
- urayamashii — Envious; jealous; wishing to have something.
- 地位
- chii — Status; position; standing in society.
- 与える
- ataeru — To give; to grant; to provide something.
- 呼ばれる
- yobareru — To be called; to be named; passive of call.
- 純粋
- junsui — Pure; genuine; unmixed; without impurities.
- 儀礼的
- gireiteki — Ritual; ceremonial; relating to formal rites.
- 霊媒師
- reibaishi — Medium; shaman; person who channels spirits.
- 職務
- shokumu — Duty; professional role; official responsibilities.
- 訓練
- kunren — Training; drill; practice to develop skills.
- 一環
- ikkan — Part of; one link in a chain or process.
- 一語
- ichigo — One word; a single word or phrase.
- 暗記
- anki — Memorization; learning by heart; rote learning.
- あり
- ari — There is; existing; connective form of aru.
- 動物
- dōbutsu — Animal; living creature other than humans.
- 生贄
- ikenie — Sacrifice; offering of a living creature.
- 前
- mae — Before; in front of; prior to something.
- 油
- abura — Oil; fat; lubricant used for various purposes.
- 撫で
- nade — Stroking; rubbing gently with the hand.
- られ
- rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending.
- 他
- hoka — Other; another; different; remaining things.
- 供物
- kutsumono — Offering; ritual gift presented to a deity.
- 上位
- jōi — Higher rank; superior position in hierarchy.
- 捧げ
- sasage — Offering up; dedicating; presenting reverently.
- とき
- toki — Time; moment; when; occasion something occurs.
- のみ
- nomi — Only; exclusively; solely; nothing but.
- 朗唱
- rōshō — Recitation; chanting aloud in a clear voice.
- 筆者
- hissha — Author; writer; the person who wrote this.
- 離れ
- hanare — Separated; away from; distant from a place.
- た
- ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending in Japanese.
- 各地
- kakuchi — Various places; different locations across an area.
- 町
- machi — Town; city district; urban settlement area.
- おい
- oi — In; at; used in formal written expression.
- から
- kara — From; because; starting point or reason.
- 記録
- kiroku — Record; documentation; written account of events.
- 文章
- bunshō — Sentence; written text; piece of writing.
- 内容
- naiyō — Content; substance; what something contains.
- きわめて
- kiwamete — Extremely; exceedingly; to the utmost degree.
- 均一
- kin'itsu — Uniform; consistent; same throughout without variation.
- 発見
- hakken — Discovery; finding something previously unknown.
- 説明的
- setsumeiteki — Explanatory; descriptive; serving to explain something.
- また
- mata — Also; again; furthermore; in addition.
- 同様
- dōyō — Similarly; in the same way; likewise.
- 慣習
- kanshū — Custom; convention; established social practice.
- 知る
- shiru — To know; to learn; to become aware.
- 老人
- rōjin — Elderly person; old man; aged individual.
- 老女
- rōjo — Old woman; elderly female person.
- 収集
- shūshū — Collection; gathering; accumulating items or data.
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