Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 4

Vocabulary

、

(toten) — Japanese comma used to separate clauses or items.

年

nen — Year; used as a counter for years.

1

ichi — The number one.

月

tsuki / gatsu — Month; also means moon.

。

(kuten) — Japanese full stop marking the end of a sentence.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

伝統

dentō — Tradition; customs passed down through generations.

フィリピン

Firipin — The Philippines, an archipelago nation in Southeast Asia.

民間

minkan — Folk; civilian; relating to the general public.

伝承

denshō — Folklore; oral traditions passed down through generations.

研究

kenkyū — Research; academic study of a subject.

序文

jobun — Preface; introductory text at the start of a book.

本

hon — Book; a bound publication containing written content.

目的

mokuteki — Purpose; goal or objective of an action.

ため

tame — For the sake of; in order to achieve something.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, purpose, or location.

物語

monogatari — Story; tale or narrative account of events.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle identifying the sentence subject.

おおまか

ōmaka — Roughly; broadly; in a general or approximate way.

三つ

mittsu — Three; the number three as a counter.

部分

bubun — Part; section or portion of a whole.

分け

wake — Division; separating into distinct groups or sections.

られ

rare — Passive auxiliary verb suffix indicating something is done.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or related actions.

いる

iru — To exist; indicates ongoing or resultant state.

第一

daiichi — First; number one in an ordered sequence.

部

bu — Part; section or division of a larger work.

神話

shinwa — Myth; traditional sacred story explaining origins.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-al'; relating to something.

時代

jidai — Era; period or age in history.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

扱い

atsukai — Handling; treatment or dealing with a subject.

登場

tōjō — Appearance; a character's entry or introduction.

人物

jinbutsu — Person; character in a story or notable figure.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

ほぼ

hobo — Almost; nearly; approximately the full amount.

同一

dōitsu — Identical; exactly the same as another thing.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means.

ある

aru — To be; to exist; copula for non-living things.

同種

dōshu — Same kind; of the same type or category.

話

hanashi — Story; tale; also a counter for episodes or tales.

含ん

fukun — Including; containing within a set or group.

最後

saigo — Last; final part or end of a sequence.

五

go — Five; the number five.

この

kono — This; refers to something close to the speaker.

サイクル

saikuru — Cycle; a recurring series or set of stories.

適切

tekisetsu — Appropriate; suitable or fitting for a situation.

当て

ate — Applying; fitting something to a category or purpose.

はまら

hamara — Fit into; match or apply to a category.

ず

zu — Negative suffix meaning 'without doing' something.

結末

ketsumatsu — Ending; conclusion or outcome of a story.

明らか

akiraka — Clear; obvious or evident without doubt.

古い

furui — Old; ancient or dating from a long time ago.

語り

katari — Narration; the act or style of telling stories.

形式

keishiki — Form; format or style of presentation.

語ら

katara — To narrate; to tell or recount a story.

れ

re — Passive verb ending indicating something is performed.

た

ta — Past tense verb suffix indicating completed action.

近年

kinnen — Recent years; the period of time in recent history.

第二

daini — Second; number two in an ordered sequence.

儀式

gishiki — Ritual; ceremony performed for religious or cultural purposes.

説明

setsumei — Explanation; description or account of something.

な

na — Adjectival suffix linking na-adjectives to nouns.

含ま

fukuma — To contain; to include within a set.

おり

ori — Conjunctive form of 'oru'; being; existing (formal).

その

sono — That; refers to something near the listener.

さまざま

samazama — Various; diverse or of many different kinds.

起源

kigen — Origin; the source or beginning of something.

や

ya — And; listing particle connecting multiple items loosely.

執り行い

toriōkonai — Conducting; performing or carrying out a ceremony.

方

kata / hō — Way; manner or method of doing something.

特定

tokutei — Specific; particular or identified individually.

精霊

seirei — Spirit; supernatural being or soul in nature.

聖

sei — Holy; sacred or divine in nature.

なる

naru — To become; to be or turn into something.

物

mono — Thing; object or item of some kind.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward something.

信仰

shinkō — Faith; religious belief or devotion to something.

太陽

taiyō — Sun; the star at the center of our solar system.

および

oyobi — And; as well as; formal conjunction linking items.

その他

sonota — Other; the rest or remaining items not listed.

自然

shizen — Nature; the natural world or environment.

現象

genshō — Phenomenon; observable natural occurrence or event.

存在

sonzai — Existence; being present or the state of existing.

火

hi — Fire; flames or the element of fire.

食用

shokuyō — Edible; suitable or used for eating as food.

植物

shokubutsu — Plant; any member of the plant kingdom.

鳥

tori — Bird; a feathered winged animal.

家畜

kachiku — Livestock; domesticated animals raised by humans.

さら

sara — Furthermore; in addition; even more (さらに).

魔法

mahō — Magic; supernatural power or enchantment.

壺

tsubo — Pot; a jar or vessel, often ceramic.

珠

tama — Jewel; a bead, gem, or precious sphere.

獲得

kakutoku — Acquisition; obtaining or gaining something valuable.

する

suru — To do; a general-purpose action verb.

こと

koto — Thing; nominalizer turning a verb phrase into a noun.

よう

yō — Like; appearing as; in the manner of something.

ここ

koko — Here; this place close to the speaker.

注目

chūmoku — Attention; notice or focus given to something.

す

su — To do; abbreviated or classical form of する.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing moral obligation.

最も

mottomo — Most; to the greatest degree or extent.

一般

ippan — General; common or widely applicable.

かつ

katsu — And also; moreover; simultaneously (formal conjunction).

重要

jūyō — Important; significant or of great consequence.

一部

ichibu — Part; a portion or section of something larger.

知ら

shira — To know; stem of 知る, to be aware of.

限り

kagiri — As far as; to the extent of one's knowledge.

おい

oi — In; at; used in the phrase において (in/at).

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever kind; formal word for 'any sort of'.

も

mo — Also; even; too; additive or emphatic particle.

伴っ

tomonatte — Accompanied by; together with something else.

い

i — Conjunctive or stem form of いる (to be/exist).

ない

nai — Not; negative auxiliary indicating absence of action.

かかわら

kakawara — Regardless of; despite; notwithstanding (にかかわらず).

全

zen — All; entire; whole without exception.

住民

jūmin — Residents; people who live in a particular area.

変化

henka — Change; alteration or transformation over time.

なく

naku — Without; lacking; negative connective form.

世代

sedai — Generation; a group of people born around same time.

から

kara — From; since; indicating origin or starting point.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting nouns or clauses.

受け継が

uketsuga — To inherit; to pass down from one generation to another.

いう

iu — To say; to be called; to express in words.

第三

daisan — Third; number three in an ordered sequence.

親

oya — Parent; a mother or father.

子ども

kodomo — Child; a young person or offspring.

楽しま

tanoshima — To enjoy; to entertain or delight someone.

せる

seru — Causative suffix meaning to make or let someone do.

普通

futsū — Ordinary; usual or normal in circumstances.

あるいは

aruiwa — Or; alternatively; used to present another option.

男女

danjo — Men and women; both sexes together.

野良

nora — Field; stray; relating to outdoor or farm work.

小屋

koya — Hut; a small simple shelter or shed.

くつろぎ

kutsurogi — Relaxation; comfortable and leisurely rest.

ながら

nagara — While; simultaneously doing two actions at once.

または

matawa — Or; either option; formal alternative conjunction.

道中

dōchū — During a journey; along the way or en route.

立ち止まっ

tachitomatte — To stop; to pause while walking or traveling.

休憩

kyūkei — Rest; a break taken during work or travel.

煙草

tabako — Tobacco; cigarettes or smoking material.

楽しみ

tanoshimi — Enjoyment; pleasure or something to look forward to.

昼間

hiruma — Daytime; the period of daylight hours.

時間

jikan — Time; a period or duration of measured time.

過ごす

sugosu — To spend time; to pass time in a certain way.