Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 3

Vocabulary

この

kono — This (adjective modifying a noun nearby)

よう

you — Manner, way, or appearance of something

な

na — Adjectival connector linking na-adjectives to nouns

状況

joukyou — Situation, circumstances, current state of affairs

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle

下

shita / moto — Under, below, or beneath a condition

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or context

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting subject of sentence

その

sono — That (adjective referring to previously mentioned noun)

試み

kokoromi — Attempt, trial, or experimental effort

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object

先送り

sakiokuri — Postponement, deferring something to a later time

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or purpose

し

shi — Conjunctive form of する, meaning 'do and...'

脚注

kyakuchuu — Footnote providing supplementary information in text

おい

oite — At, in, regarding (used in formal written contexts)

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential actions

他

hoka — Other, another, different from what was mentioned

分野

bunya — Field, area, or domain of study or activity

と

to — Particle meaning 'and' or 'with' between items

顕著

kenchou — Remarkable, conspicuous, or notable difference or feature

類似

ruiji — Resemblance, similarity between two or more things

点

ten — Point, aspect, or particular feature of something

注意

chuui — Attention, caution, or notice toward something

促す

unagasu — To urge, prompt, or encourage someone to act

こと

koto — Nominalizer turning verbs into noun-like concepts

が

ga — Subject marker particle or conjunctive 'but'

最善

saizen — Best possible option or course of action

思わ

omowa — Stem of 'to think'; used before passive or negative

れ

re — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending

これ

kore — This (pronoun referring to nearby thing)

ら

ra — Plural suffix indicating a group of things or people

説話

setsuwa — Tale, legend, or traditional narrative story

概し

gaishi — Generally, on the whole, in most cases

現代

gendai — Modern era, contemporary times, present day

宗教

shuukyou — Religion, religious belief or organized faith system

的

teki — Suffix making nouns into adjectives meaning '-like'

信仰

shinkou — Religious faith, belief, or spiritual devotion

密接

missetsu — Closely connected, intimately related to each other

結び

musubi — Tie, bind, or connect (stem form of 結ぶ)

つい

tsui — Attached to, connected (part of つく compound)

いる

iru — To exist (animate); progressive state auxiliary verb

ため

tame — Because of, for the sake of, due to a reason

部族

buzoku — Tribe, ethnic group, or indigenous clan

支配

shihai — Control, domination, or rule over a territory

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb

地域

chiiki — Region, area, or local district

外

soto / gai — Outside, exterior, beyond a boundary

現在

genzai — Currently, at present, the current moment

形

katachi / kei — Form, shape, or current state of something

近い

chikai — Close, near, not far in distance or time

発見

hakken — Discovery, finding something previously unknown

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix or passive/causative verb stem

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending

可能

kanou — Possible, feasible, or within the realm of ability

性

sei — Suffix indicating nature, possibility, or characteristic

低い

hikui — Low, short, or small in degree or height

それ

sore — That (pronoun referring to thing near listener)

も

mo — Also, too, even; inclusive particle

かかわ

kakawa — Stem of かかわる: to be related or involved with

ず

zu — Negative verb ending meaning 'without doing'

近隣

kinrin — Neighboring, adjacent area or nearby community

民族

minzoku — Ethnic group, people, or nationality

や

ya — And, or (listing particle for non-exhaustive list)

遠く

tooku — Far away, distant place or location

離れ

hanare — Separated from, apart, or detached

土地

tochi — Land, ground, or local territory

もの

mono — Thing, object, or person (nominalizer)

対応

taiou — Correspondence, response, or counterpart to something

孤立

koritsu — Isolation, standing alone without connection

エピソード

episoodo — Episode, individual incident or narrative segment

何度

nando — Several times, how many times, multiple occasions

か

ka — Question particle or 'some-' indefinite marker

登場

toujou — Appearance, entry of a character or element

観察

kansatsu — Observation, careful watching or examination

結果

kekka — Result, outcome, or consequence of an action

族

zoku — Suffix meaning tribe, clan, or ethnic group

組織

soshiki — Organization, structure, or systematic arrangement

儀式

gishiki — Ceremony, ritual, or formal observance

見

mi — Stem of 見る; seeing or observing something

より

yori — Than, from, or more (comparative particle)

高い

takai — High, tall, or elevated in degree or value

発展

hatten — Development, growth, or advancement of something

段階

dankai — Stage, level, or phase in a process

達し

tasshi — Reached, arrived at a certain level or point

おり

ori — Humble or literary form of いる (to be/exist)

内陸

nairiku — Inland, interior land away from the coast

部

bu — Part, section, or division of something larger

南部

nanbu — Southern part or southern region of an area

へ

e — Directional particle meaning toward or to

進む

susumu — To advance, proceed, or move forward

つれ

tsure — As, in accordance with (used in につれて)

複雑

fukuzatsu — Complex, complicated, or intricate in nature

減少

genshou — Decrease, reduction, or decline in amount

いう

iu — To say, to call, to be named

確信

kakushin — Conviction, firm belief, or strong confidence

至っ

itatte — Having reached or arrived at a certain conclusion

真実

shinjitsu — Truth, reality, or genuine fact

あれ

are — That (pronoun); or conditional 'if it is'

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'

基づく

motozuku — To be based on, grounded in a foundation

ある

aru — To exist (inanimate), to be, to have

いは

iwa — Part of あるいは meaning 'or, alternatively'

関連

kanren — Relation, connection, or relevance between things

また

mata — Also, again, or furthermore (conjunctive)

から

kara — From, because of, after (particle)

離れる

hanareru — To separate, move away, or become distant from

弱まる

yowamaru — To weaken, diminish, or become less strong

違い

chigai — Difference, discrepancy, or distinction between things

ない

nai — Not, non-existent; negative adjective ending

明らか

akiraka — Clear, evident, or obvious to everyone

ここ

koko — Here, this place, the current location

博士

hakase / hakushi — Doctor, PhD; title for academic or medical expert

および

oyobi — And, as well as (formal written conjunction)

感謝

kansha — Gratitude, thankfulness, appreciation toward someone

表し

arawashi — Express, show, or manifest a feeling or meaning

たい

tai — Desire to do something; '-want to' ending

両

ryou — Both (prefix indicating two people or things)

関心

kanshin — Interest, concern, or attention toward something

示唆

shisa — Suggestion, hint, or implication of an idea

出版

shuppan — Publication, the act of publishing printed material

資料

shiryou — Materials, data, reference documents or sources

準備

junbi — Preparation, readiness, or getting something ready

最大

saidai — Maximum, greatest, or largest in degree or size

価値

kachi — Value, worth, or significance of something

もたらし

motarashi — Brought about, provided, or yielded a result

くれ

kure — Gave (to me/us); receiving a favor from someone

故

ko / yue — The late (deceased); reason or cause (formal)

氏

shi — Mr./Ms.; honorific suffix for names in formal writing

寛大

kandai — Generous, magnanimous, or broad-minded in giving

資金

shikin — Funds, financial resources, or capital for a project

援助

enjo — Aid, assistance, or financial support provided

もと

moto — Under the basis of, with the support of

現地

genchi — On-site, local, the actual place of activity

調査

chousa — Research, investigation, or field survey

行わ

okonawa — Stem of 行う; to carry out, conduct, perform

絶え間

taema — Ceaselessly, without interruption, unbroken continuity

博物館

hakubutsukan — Museum, institution housing historical or cultural collections

収蔵

shuuzou — Collection, storing items in a museum or archive

広範

kouhan — Wide-ranging, extensive, or broad in scope

フィリピン

firipin — Philippines, archipelago nation in Southeast Asia

収集

shuushuu — Collection, gathering of objects or specimens

自ら

mizukara — Oneself, personally, by one's own effort

すべて

subete — All, everything, the entirety of something

成果

seika — Result, achievement, or fruit of one's efforts

読者

dokusha — Reader, person who reads a book or publication

公開

koukai — Public release, making something available to everyone

見る

miru — To see, look at, or observe something

なく

naku — Without, not having (conjunctive negative form)

逝去

seikyo — Passing away, death (honorific or formal term)

深く

fukaku — Deeply, profoundly, to a great extent

惜し

oshi — Regrettable, a pity, lamenting a loss

学

gaku — Study, learning, or academic discipline suffix

部門

bumon — Department, division, or section of an organization

副

fuku — Vice-, assistant, deputy (prefix for secondary role)

学芸

gakugei — Arts and sciences; academic or curatorial work

員

in — Member, staff, or employee of an organization